Nanu ca pannarasavidh± s²m± aµµhakath±su (mah±va. aµµha. 379; kaŖkh±. aµµha. ak±lac²varasikkh±padavaŗŗan±) ±gat±, atha kasm± cha¼eva vutt±ti? Sacca½, t±su pana pannarasasu s²m±su upac±ras²m± saŖghal±bhavibhajan±diµµh±nameva hoti, l±bhas²m± tatrupp±dagahaŗaµµh±nameva hot²ti im± dve s²m±yo saŖghakammakaraŗaµµh±na½ na honti, nigamas²m± nagaras²m± janapadas²m± raµµhas²m± rajjas²m± d²pas²m± cakkav±¼as²m±ti im± pana s²m±yo g±mas²m±ya sam±nagatik± g±mas²m±yameva antogadh±ti na visu½ vutt±ti daµµhabba½. Ettha ca upac±ras²m±ya baddhas²ma½ avattharitv± gatabh±vo katha½ j±nitabboti? “Upac±ras²m± parikkhittassa vih±rassa parikkhepena, aparikkhittassa parikkhep±rahaµµh±nena paricchinn±”ti aµµhakath±ya½ (mah±va. aµµha. 379) vuttatt± parikkhepaparikkhep±rahaµµh±n±na½ anto baddhas²m±ya vijjam±n±ya ta½ avattharitv± upac±ras²m± gat±. Tath± hi “imiss± upac±ras²m±ya ‘saŖghassa damm²’ti dinna½ pana khaŗ¹as²mas²mantarik±su µhit±nampi p±puŗ±t²”ti (mah±va. aµµha. 379) vutta½. Tena ń±yati “upac±ras²m±ya anto µhit± baddhas²m± upac±ras²m±pi n±ma hot²”ti. Hotu, eva½ sati anto-upac±ras²m±ya½ baddhas²m±ya sati tattheva kathinad±nakammav±ca½ v±c±petv± tattheva kathina½ attharitabba½ bhaveyya, anto-upac±ras²m±ya½ baddhas²m±ya avijjam±n±ya katha½ karissant²ti? Anto-upac±ras²m±ya½ baddhas²m±ya avijjam±n±ya bahi-upac±ras²m±ya½ vijjam±nabaddhas²ma½ v± udakukkhepalabhanaµµh±na½ v± gantv± kammav±ca½ v±c±petv± puna vih±ra½ ±gantv± vass³pan±yikakhettabh³t±ya upac±ras²m±ya½ µhatv± kathina½ attharitabbanti daµµhabba½.

Nanu ca bho eva½ sante ańńiss± s²m±ya ńatti, ańńiss± atth±ro hoti, eva½ sante “pariniµµhitapubbakaraŗameva ce d±yako saŖghassa deti, sampaµicchitv± kammav±c±ya d±tabba½. Tena ca tasmi½yeva s²mamaŗ¹ale adhiµµhahitv± attharitv± saŖgho anumod±petabbo”ti vuttena vajirabuddhiµ²k±vacanena (vajira. µ². mah±vagga 308) virujjhat²ti? Nanu avocumha “kammav±c±bhaŗanas²m± baddhas²m±bh³t±, kathinatth±ras²m± upac±ras²m±bh³t±”ti. Tasm± vajirabuddhiµ²k±vacanena na virujjhati. Tattha pubbe yebhuyyena baddhas²mavih±ratt± samagga½ saŖgha½ sannip±tetv± kammav±ca½ v±c±petv± upac±ras²mabaddhas²mabh³te tasmi½yeva vih±re attharaŗa½ sandh±ya vutta½. Baddhas²mavih±re ahontepi anto-upac±ras²m±ya½ baddhas²m±ya vijjam±n±ya tattheva s²mamaŗ¹ale kammav±ca½ v±c±petv± tattheva attharitabbabh±vo amhehipi vuttoyeva. Yadi pana na ceva baddhas²mavih±ro hoti, na ca anto-upac±ras²m±ya½ baddhas²m± atthi, evar³pe vih±re kammav±ca½ v±c±petu½ na labhati, ańńa½ baddhas²ma½ v± udakukkhepa½ v± gantv± kammav±ca½ v±c±petv± attano vih±ra½ ±gantv± vass³pan±yikakhettabh³t±ya upac±ras²m±ya µhatv± kathina½ attharitabba½. Evameva paramparabh³t± bahavo ±cariyavar± karont²ti daµµhabba½.

Apare pana ±cariy± “baddhas²mavirah±ya suddha-upac±ras²m±ya sati tassa½yeva upac±ras²m±ya½ ńattikammav±c±pi v±cetabb±, kathina½ attharitabba½, na ańńiss± s²m±ya ńatti, ańńiss± attharaŗa½ k±tabban”ti vadanti. Aya½ pana nesamadhipp±yo– “kathinatthatas²m±yanti upac±ras²ma½ sandh±ya vuttan”ti vajirabuddhiµ²k±ya½ (vajira. µ². mah±vagga 306) kathinatth±raµµh±nabh³t±ya s²m±ya upac±ras²m±bh±vo vutto, tassa½yeva µ²k±ya½ (vajira. µ². mah±vagga 308) pubbe niddiµµhap±µhe “tasmi½yeva s²mamaŗ¹ale adhiµµhahitv± attharitv± saŖgho anumod±petabbo”ti kammav±c±bhaŗanas²m±yameva attharitabbabh±vo ca vutto, tasm± ańńiss± s²m±ya ńatti, ańńiss± attharaŗa½ na k±tabba½, tassa½yeva upac±ras²m±ya½ kammav±ca½ s±vetv± tasmi½yeva atth±ro k±tabbo, upac±ras²mato bahi µhita½ baddhas²ma½ gantv± attharaŗakicca½ natth²ti.

Tatreva½ vic±raŗ± k±tabb±– ida½ bh±santaresu “ńatt²”ti kathita½ kathinad±nakamma½ cat³su saŖghakammesu ńattidutiyakamma½ hoti, ńattidutiyakammassa navasu µh±nesu kathinad±na½, garukalahukesu garuka½, yadi “upac±ras²m±ya½ catt±ri saŖghakamm±ni k±tabb±n²”ti pakaraŗesu ±gata½ abhaviss±, eva½ sante tesa½ ±cariy±na½ vacan±nur³pato upac±ras²m±ya½ kathinad±nańattikammav±ca½ v±cetabba½ abhaviss±, na pana pakaraŗesu “upac±ras²m±ya½ catt±ri saŖghakamm±ni k±tabb±n²”ti ±gata½, atha kho “saŖghal±bhavibhajana½, ±gantukavatta½ katv± ±r±mappavisana½ gamikassa bhikkhuno sen±sana-±pucchana½, nissayapa-appassambhana½, p±riv±sikam±nattac±rikabhikkh³na½ aruŗuµµh±pana½, bhikkhun²na½ ±r±mappavisana-±pucchana½ iccevam±d²ni eva upac±ras²m±ya kattabb±n²”ti ±gata½, tasm± kathinad±nańattidutiyakammav±c± keval±ya½ upac±ras²m±ya½ na v±cetabb±ti siddh±. Katha½ vińń±yat²ti ce? “Avippav±sas²m± n±ma tiyojan±pi hoti, eva½ sante tiyojane µhit± l±bha½ gaŗhissanti, tiyojane µhatv± ±gantukavatta½ p³retv± ±r±ma½ pavisitabba½ bhavissati, gamiko tiyojana½ gantv± sen±sana½ ±pucchissati, nissayapaµipannassa bhikkhuno tiyojan±tikkame nissayo paµippassambhissati, p±riv±sikena tiyojana½ atikkamitv± aruŗa½ uµµhapetabba½ bhavissati, bhikkhuniy± tiyojane µhatv± ±r±mappavisana½ ±pucchitabba½ bhavissati, sabbampeta½ upac±ras²m±ya paricchedavaseneva k±tu½ vaµµati, tasm± upac±ras²m±yameva bh±jetabban”ti evam±di-aµµhakath±p±µhato (mah±va. aµµha. 379) vińń±yat²ti.

Atheva½ vadeyyu½– “upac±ras²m± ńattidutiyakammav±c±ya µh±na½ na hot²”ti tumhehi vutta½, atha ca pana katapubba½ atthi. Tath± hi c²varapaµigg±hakasammutic²varanidahakasammutic²varabh±jakasammut²na½ “suŗ±tu me…pe… dh±ray±m²ti im±ya kammav±c±ya v± apalokanena v± antovih±re sabbasaŖghamajjhepi khaŗ¹as²m±yapi sammannitu½ vaµµatiyev±”ti upac±ras²m±ya½ ńattidutiyakammav±c±ya nipph±detabbabh±vo aµµhakath±ya½ (vi. saŖga. aµµha. 194) ±gato. Bhaŗ¹±g±rassa pana “ima½ pana bhaŗ¹±g±ra½ khaŗ¹as²ma½ gantv± khaŗ¹as²m±ya nisinnehi sammannitu½ na vaµµati, vih±ramajjheyeva ‘suŗ±tu me, bhante, saŖgho, yadi saŖghassa pattakalla½, saŖgho itthann±ma½ vih±ra½ bhaŗ¹±g±ra½ sammanneyy±’ti-±din± nayena kammav±c±ya v± apalokanena v± sammannitabban”ti aµµhakath±ya½ (vi. saŖga. aµµha. 197) upac±ras²m±yameva ńattidutiyakammav±c±ya sammannitabbabh±vo ±gatoti.

Te eva½ vattabb±– sacepi aµµhakath±ya½ ±gata½ “antovih±re”ti p±µho “vih±ramajjhe”ti p±µho ca upac±ras²ma½ sandh±ya vuttoti mańńam±n± tumhe ±yasmanto eva½ avacuttha, te pana p±µh± upac±ras²ma½ sandh±ya aµµhakath±cariyehi na vutt±, atha kho avippav±sas²m±saŖkh±ta½ mah±s²ma½ sandh±ya vutt±. Katha½ vińń±yat²ti ce? Khaŗ¹as²m±ya vakkham±natt±. Khaŗ¹as²m±ya hi mah±s²m± eva paµiyog² hoti. Upac±ras²m±ti ayamattho katha½ j±nitabboti ce? “Ima½ pana sam±nasa½v±sakas²ma½ sammannantehi pabbajj³pasampad±d²na½ saŖghakamm±na½ sukhakaraŗattha½ paµhama½ khaŗ¹as²m± sammannitabb±…pe… eva½ baddh±su pana s²m±su khaŗ¹as²m±ya µhit± bhikkh³ mah±s²m±ya kamma½ karont±na½ na kopenti mah±s²m±ya v± µhit± khaŗ¹as²m±ya kamma½ karont±na½. S²mantarik±ya pana µhit± ubhinnampi na kopent²”ti vutta-aµµhakath±p±µhavasena (mah±va. aµµha. 138) j±nitabboti. Atha v± tehi ±yasmantehi ±bhatabhaŗ¹±g±rasammutip±µhavasenapi ayamattho vińń±yati. Katha½? C²varapaµigg±hak±dipuggalasammutiyo pana antovih±re sabbasaŖghamajjhepi khaŗ¹as²m±yampi sammannitu½ vaµµati, bhaŗ¹±g±rasaŖkh±tavih±rasammuti pana vih±ramajjheyev±ti aµµhakath±ya½ vutta½, tattha visesak±raŗa½ pariyesitabba½.

Tatreva½ visesak±raŗa½ pańń±yati– “ańńiss± s²m±ya vatthu ańńiss± kammav±c±”ti vattabbadosaparih±rattha½ vutta½. Puggalasammutiyo hi puggalassa vatthutt± yadi mah±s²mabh³te antovih±re kattuk±m± honti, sabbasaŖghamajjhe ta½ vatthubh³ta½ puggala½ hatthap±se katv± kareyyu½. Yadi khaŗ¹as²m±ya kattuk±m±, ta½ vatthubh³ta½ puggala½ khaŗ¹as²ma½ ±netv± tattha sannipatitakammappattasaŖghassa hatthap±se katv± kareyyu½. Ubhayath±pi yath±vuttadoso natthi, bhaŗ¹±g±rasammuti pana bhaŗ¹±g±rassa vih±ratt± khaŗ¹as²ma½ ±netu½ na sakk±, tasm± yadi ta½ sammuti½ khaŗ¹as²m±ya½ µhatv± kareyyu½, vatthu mah±s²m±ya½ hoti, kammav±c± khaŗ¹as²m±yanti yath±vuttadoso hoti, tasmińca dose sati vatthuvipannatt± kamma½ vipajjati, tasm± mah±s²mabh³tavih±ramajjheyeva s± sammuti k±tabb±ti aµµhakath±cariy±na½ mati, na upac±ras²m±ya ńattidutiyakamma½ k±tabbanti.

Ath±pi eva½ vadeyyu½ “vih±rasaddena avippav±sas²mabh³t± mah±s²m±va vutt±, na upac±ras²m±”ti ida½ vacana½ katha½ paccetabbanti? Imin±yeva aµµhakath±vacanena. Yadi hi upac±ras²m± vutt± bhaveyya, upac±ras²m± n±ma baddhas²ma½ avattharitv±pi pavatt± ±v±sesu v± bhikkh³su v± va¹¹hantesu aniyamavasena va¹¹hati, tasm± khaŗ¹as²ma½ avattharitv± pavattanato vih±rena saha khaŗ¹as²m± ekas²m±yeva hoti, eva½ sati vih±re µhita½ bhaŗ¹±g±ra½ khaŗ¹as²m±ya µhatv± sammannitu½ sakk± bhaveyya, na pana sakk± “khaŗ¹as²m±ya nisinnehi sammannitu½ na vaµµat²”ti aµµhakath±ya½ (mah±va. aµµha. 343) paµisiddhatt±. Tena ń±yati “imasmi½ µh±ne vih±rasaddena avippav±sas²mabh³t± mah±s²m± vutt±, na upac±ras²m±”ti. Upac±ras²m±ya aniyamavasena va¹¹hanabh±vo katha½ j±nitabboti? “Upac±ras²m± parikkhittassa vih±rassa parikkhepena, aparikkhittassa parikkhep±rahaµµh±nena paricchinn± hoti. Apica bhikkh³na½ dhuvasannip±taµµh±nato v± pariyante µhitabhojanas±lato v± nibaddhavasanaka-±v±sato v± th±mamajjhimassa purisassa dvinna½ le¹¹up±t±na½ anto upac±ras²m± veditabb±, s± pana ±v±sesu va¹¹hantesu va¹¹hati, parih±yantesu parih±yati. Mah±paccariya½ pana ‘bhikkh³supi va¹¹hantesu va¹¹hat²’ti vutta½, tasm± sace vih±re sannipatitabhikkh³hi saddhi½ ek±baddh± hutv± yojanasatampi p³retv± nis²danti, yojanasatampi upac±ras²m±va hoti, sabbesa½ l±bho p±puŗ±t²”ti aµµhakath±ya½ (mah±va. aµµha. 379) vacanatoti.

Yadi eva½ upac±ras²m±ya kathinatthatabh±vo kasm± vuttoti? Kathinattharaŗa½ n±ma na saŖghakamma½, puggalakammameva hoti, tasm± vass³pan±yikakhettabh³t±ya upac±ras²m±ya k±tabb± hoti. Ńattikammav±c± pana saŖghakammabh³t±, tasm± upac±ras²m±ya k±tu½ na vaµµati, suvisodhitaparis±ya baddh±baddhas²m±yameva vaµµat²ti daµµhabba½. Nanu ca bho “kathina½ attharitu½ ke labhanti, ke na labhanti? Gaŗanavasena t±va pacchimakoµiy± pańca jan± labhanti, uddha½ satasahassampi, pańcanna½ heµµh± na labhant²”ti aµµhakath±ya½ vutta½, atha kasm± “kathinattharaŗa½ n±ma na saŖghakamma½, puggalakammameva hot²”ti vuttanti? “Na saŖgho kathina½ attharati, na gaŗo kathina½ attharati, puggalo kathina½ attharat²”ti pariv±re (pari. 414) vuttatt± ca apalokanakamm±d²na½ catunna½ saŖghakamm±na½ µh±nesu apaviµµhatt± ca. Aµµhakath±ya½ pana kathinatth±rassa upac±rabh³ta½ kathinad±nakammav±c±bhaŗanak±la½ sandh±ya vutta½. Tasmińhi k±le kathinad±yak± catt±ro, paµigg±hako ekoti pacchimakoµiy± pańca honti, tato heµµh± na labhat²ti. Ńattikammav±c±ya saŖghakammabh±vo katha½ j±nitabboti? “Catunna½ saŖghakamm±na½ ńattidutiyakammassa navasu µh±nesu kathinad±nan”ti ±gatatt±, “suŗ±tu me, bhante, saŖgho, ida½ saŖghassa kathinadussa½ uppannan”ti-±din± vuttatt± c±ti.