Yadipi vutta½ “yath± ‘s²m±ya dammi, sen±sanassa damm²’ti-±d²su ta½ d±na½ saªgh±yattameva hoti, tath± ‘kathina damm²’ti vutte puggala½ uddissa dinnepi saªgh±yattameva saªghikameva hot²”ti, tath±pi eva½ vic±raº± k±tabb±– “s²m±ya dammi, sen±sanassa damm²”ti-±d²su s²m± ca sen±sanañca d±napaµigg±hak± na honti, tasm± s²maµµhassa ca sen±sanaµµhassa ca saªghassa ±yatta½ hoti, puggalo pana d±napaµigg±hakova, tasm± “ima½ kathinac²vara½ itthann±massa bhikkhuno damm²”ti parammukh± v± tassa bhikkhuno p±dam³le µhapetv± sammukh± v± dinna½ katha½ saªgh±yatta½ saªghasantaka½ bhaveyya, eva½ saªghassa apariºata½ puggalikac²vara½ saªghassa pariº±meyya, navasu adhammikad±nesu eka½ bhaveyya, tassa c²varassa paµiggahopi navasu adhammikapaµiggahesu eko bhaveyya, tassa c²varassa paribhogopi navasu adhammikaparibhogesu eko bhaveyya. Katha½ viññ±yat²ti ce? Nava adhammik±ni d±n±n²ti saªghassa pariºata½ aññasaªghassa v± cetiyassa v± puggalassa v± pariº±meti, cetiyassa pariºata½ aññacetiyassa v± saªghassa v± puggalassa v± pariº±meti, puggalassa pariºata½ aññapuggalassa v± saªghassa v± cetiyassa v± pariº±meti, “nava adhammik± paribhog±”ti ±gata½ pariv±rap±¼iñca (pari. 329) “nava paµiggahaparibhog±ti etesa½yeva d±n±na½ paµiggah± ca paribhog± c±”ti ±gata½ aµµhakathañca (pari. aµµha. 329) oloketv± viññ±yat²ti.

Ath±pi eva½ vadanti– d±yako saªghattherassa v± ganthadhutaªgavasena abhiññ±tassa v± bhattuddesakassa v± pahiºati “amh±ka½ bhattaggahaºatth±ya aµµha bhikkh³ gahetv± ±gacchath±”ti, sacepi ñ±ti-upaµµh±kehi pesita½ hoti, ime tayo jan± pucchitu½ na labhanti. ¾ru¼h±yeva m±tika½, saªghato aµµha bhikkh³ uddis±petv± attanavamehi gantabba½. Kasm±? Bhikkhusaªghassa hi ete bhikkh³ niss±ya l±bho uppajjat²ti. Ganthadhutaªg±d²hi pana anabhiññ±to ±v±sikabhikkhu pucchitu½ labhati, tasm± tena “ki½ saªghato gaºh±mi, ud±hu ye j±n±mi, tehi saddhi½ ±gacch±m²”ti m±tika½ ±ropetv± yath± d±yak± vadanti, tath± paµipajjitabbanti (c³¼ava. aµµha. 325), ²disesu µh±nesu “saªghassa l±bho puggala½ upaniss±ya uppajjat²”ti vacana½ upanidh±ya “saªghassa l±bho puggala½ niss±ya uppajjati, puggalassa pattal±bho saªgha½ ±masitv± dento saªgh±yatto hot²”ti viññ±yat²ti.

Imasmimpi vacane eva½ vic±raº± k±tabb±– tasmi½ tu nimantane na puggala½yeva nimanteti, atha kho sasaªgha½ puggala½ nimanteti. Tattha tu “saªghan”ti avatv± “aµµha bhikkh³”ti vuttatt± “ki½ saªghato gaºh±mi, ud±hu ye j±n±mi, tehi saddhi½ ±gacch±m²”ti anabhiññ±to puggalo pucchitu½ labhati. Saªghattherassa pana saªgha½ pariharitv± vasitatt± “aµµha bhikkh³”ti vutte saªgha½ µhapetv± aññesa½ gahaºak±raºa½ natthi, ganthadhutaªgavasena abhiññ±tapuggalopi saªghassa puññanissitatt± “aµµha bhikkh³”ti vutte saªghatoyeva gaºh±ti, bhattuddesakassapi devasika½ saªghasseva bhattavic±raºatt± “aµµha bhikkh³”ti vutte saªgha½ µhapetv± aññesa½ gahaºak±raºa½ natthi. Eva½ “aµµha bhikkh³ gahetv± ±gacchath±”ti saha saªghena nimantitatt± “ime tayo jan± pucchitu½ na labhant²”ti vutta½, na “tva½ ±gacch±h²”ti puggalasseva nimantane satipi saªgha½ gahetv± ±gantabbatoti. Eva½ “aµµha bhikkh³ gahetv± ±gacchath±”ti sasaªghasseva puggalassa nimantitatt± saªgho gahetabbo hoti, na “tumhe ±gacchath±”ti puggalasseva nimantitatt±, tasm± “puggalassa l±bho saªgh±yatto”ti na sakk± vattu½ aµµhakath±d²su pakaraºesupi “puggala½ niss±ya saªghassa l±bho uppajjati” icceva vutto, na “puggalassa l±bho saªgh±yatto”ti. C²varal±bhakhettabh³t±su aµµhasu m±tik±su ca “saªghassa det²”ti ca visu½, “puggalassa det²”ti ca visu½ ±gata½. Puggalassa det²ti “ima½ c²vara½ itthann±massa damm²”ti eva½ parammukh± v±, p±dam³le µhapetv± “ima½ bhante tumh±ka½ damm²”ti eva½ sammukh± v± det²ti.

Id±ni pana c²vara½ d±tuk±m± up±sak± v± up±sik±yo v± saya½ an±gantv± puttad±s±dayo ±º±pent±pi “ima½ c²vara½ itthann±massa therassa deth±”ti vatv± puggalasseva d±penti, s±ma½ gantv± dadant±pi p±dam³le µhapetv± v± hatthe µhapetv± v± hatthena phus±petv± v± dadanti “ima½, bhante, c²vara½ tumhe uddissa ettaka½ dhana½ pariccajitv± kata½, evañca evañca hatthakamma½ katv± samp±dita½, tasm± tumhe niv±satha p±rupatha paribhuñjath±”ti-±d²ni vadanti, tassa puggalassa paribhogakaraºameva icchanti, na saªghassa d±na½. Keci atuµµhakathampi kathenti. Eva½ puggalameva uddissa dinnac²varassa saªghena ±yattak±raºa½ natthi. “Sace pana ‘ida½ tumh±kañca tumh±ka½ antev±sik±nañca damm²’ti eva½ vadati, therassa ca antev±sik±nañca p±puº±t²”ti (mah±va. aµµha. 379) ±gamanato eva½ vatv± dente pana ±cariyantev±sik±na½ p±puº±ti, anantev±sikassa pana na p±puº±ti. “Uddesa½ gahetu½ ±gato gahetv± gacchanto ca atthi, tassapi p±puº±t²”ti ±gamanato bahis²maµµhassa dhammantev±sikassapi p±puº±ti. “Tumhehi saddhi½ nibaddhac±rikabhikkh³na½ damm²ti vutte uddesantev±sik±na½ vatta½ katv± uddesaparipucch±d²ni gahetv± vicarant±na½ sabbesa½ p±puº±t²”ti (mah±va. aµµha. 379) ±gamanato eva½ vatv± dente dhammantev±sik±na½ vattapaµipattik±rak±nañca antev±sik±na½ p±puº±ti. Eva½ d±yak±na½ vacan±nur³pameva d±nassa pavattanato “yath± d±yak± vadanti, tath± paµipajjitabban”ti (c³¼ava. aµµha. 325) aµµhakath±cariy± vadanti.

Eva½ id±ni d±yak± yebhuyyena puggalasseva denti, satesu sahassesu ekoyeva paº¹ito bahussuto d±yako saªghassa dadeyya, puggalikac²varañca saªghikabhavanatth±ya akariyam±na½ na ñattiy± kammav±c±ya ca araha½ hoti. Katha½ viññ±yat²ti ce? Ñattikammav±c±virodhato. Katha½ virodhoti ce? Ñattiy± kammav±c±ya ca “ida½ saªghassa kathinadussa½ uppannan”ti kathinac²varassa saªghikabh±vo vutto, id±ni pana ta½ c²vara½ “puggalassa dinna½ puggalikan”ti vacanatth±nur³pato puggalika½ hoti, evampi virodho. “Saªgho ima½ kathinadussa½ itthann±massa bhikkhuno dadeyya kathina½ attharitun”ti ettha ca saªghoti dh±tuy± katt± hoti, bhikkhunoti sampad±na½, idha pana saªghassa tasmi½ kathinac²vare anissarabh±vato saªgho katt± na hoti, bhikkhu paµigg±halakkhaº±bh±vato sampad±na½ na hoti, evampi virodho. D±yakena pana saªghassa pariccattatt± saªghikabh³ta½ kathinac²vara½ yasmi½ k±le saªgho kathina½ attharitu½ aµµhaªgasamann±gatassa bhikkhuno deti, tasmi½ k±le ñattidutiyakammav±ca½ id±ni manuss± “ñatt²”ti voharanti, tañca c²vara½ “ñattiladdhac²varan”ti, ta½ c²varad±yakañca “ñattiladdhad±yako”ti tasm± saªghikac²varameva ñattiladdha½ hoti, no puggalikac²vara½. Ñattiladdhak±lato pana paµµh±ya ta½ c²vara½ puggalika½ hoti. Kasm±? Atth±rakapuggalassa c²varabh±vatoti.

Ath±pi vadanti “dinnanti p±µhañca ‘s±dhent²’ti p±µhañca ‘±nisa½sa½ labhant²’ti p±µhañca upanidh±ya ayamattho viññ±yat²”ti, tatth±yam±cariy±namadhipp±yo– “dinna½ ida½ saªghen±”ti ettha d±-dh±tuy± saªghen±ti katt±, idanti kamma½, imassa kathinac²varassa saªghikatt± saªghena dinna½ hoti, tena viññ±yati “kathinan”ti vutte saªghika½ hot²ti. “Kathinatth±ra½ ke labhant²ti ettha ke labhant²ti ke s±dhent²ti attho. Pañca jan± s±dhent²”ti vajirabuddhiµ²k±ya½ (vajira. µ². mah±vagga 306) vutta½. Tattha pañca jan±ti saªgho vutto, imin±pi viññ±yati “kathinanti vutte saªghika½ hot²”ti. ¾nisa½sa½ labhant²ti ettha ca saªghikatt± sabbe s²maµµhakabhikkh³ ±nisa½sa½ labhanti, imin±pi viññ±yati “kathinanti vutte saªghika½ hot²”ti.

Tatr±pyeva½ vic±raº± k±tabb±– pubbed±yak± catt±ropi paccaye yebhuyyena saªghasseva denti, tasm± saªghassa catupaccayabh±janakath± ativitth±r± hoti. Appakato pana puggalassa denti, tasm± saªghassa dinna½ kathinac²vara½ saªghena atth±rakassa puggalassa dinna½ sandh±ya vutta½. S±dhent²ti ca kathinadussassa d±yak± catt±ro, paµigg±hako ekoti pañca jan± kathinad±nakamma½ s±dhent²ti vutta½. ¾nisa½sa½ labhant²ti idañca atth±rakassa ca anumodan±nañca bhikkh³na½ ±nisa½sal±bhameva vutta½, na etehi p±µhehi “kathinan”ti vutte saªghika½ hot²ti attho viññ±tabbo hot²ti daµµhabbo. Saªghassa uppannac²vara½ saªghena atth±rakassa dinnabh±vo katha½ viññ±yat²ti? “Ida½ saªghassa kathinadussa½ uppanna½, saªgho ima½ kathinadussa½ itthann±massa bhikkhuno deti kathina½ attharitun”ti vutta½ p±¼ip±µhañca (mah±va. 307) “saªgho ajja kathinadussa½ labhitv± punadivase deti, aya½ nicayasannidh²”ti vutta½ aµµhakath±p±µhañca disv± viññ±yat²ti. Saªghasantakabh³ta½ c²varameva d±nakiriy±ya kamma½, saªgho katt±, puggalo sampad±na½ bhavitu½ arahabh±vo ca yath±vuttap±¼ip±µhameva upanidh±ya viññ±yat²ti.

Eva½ sante puggalassa dinna½ puggalikac²vara½ saªghika½ k±tu½ katha½ paµipajjitabbanti? Sace so paµigg±hakapuggalo d±yak±na½ eva½ vadati “up±saka d±na½ n±ma puggalassa dinnato saªghassa dinna½ mahapphalatara½ hoti, tasm± saªghassa dehi, saªghassa datv± puna saªghena atth±r±rahassa bhikkhuno kammav±c±ya datv± tena puggalena yath±vinaya½ atthateyeva kathina½ n±ma hoti, na puggalassa datv± puggalena s±ma½yeva atthate, tasm± saªghassa deh²”ti uyyojetv± saªghassa d±pitepi ta½ c²vara½ saªghika½ hoti kathinatth±r±raha½. Yadi pana d±yako appassutat±ya “n±ha½, bhante, kiñci j±n±mi, ima½ c²vara½ tumh±kameva damm²”ti vakkhati, eva½ sati puggalikavaseneva sampaµicchitv± tena puggalena ta½ c²vara½ saªghassa dinnampi saªghika½ hoti.

Yadi eva½ samaºeneva samaºassa dinna½ c²vara½ katha½ kathinatth±r±raha½ bhaveyy±ti? No na bhaveyya. Vuttañheta½ aµµhakath±ya½ (mah±va. aµµha. 306) “kathina½ kena dinna½ vaµµati? Yena kenaci devena v± manussena v± pañcanna½ v± sahadhammik±na½ aññatarena dinna½ vaµµat²”ti. Atha kasm± paramparabh³tehi ±cariyehi ñattiladdhac²varato avases±ni c²var±ni saªghassa bh±jetv± eva paribhuñjit±n²ti? Vuccate– ekacce bhikkh³ ±cariyaparampar±gata-ana-us±reneva paµipajjanti, keci bah³na½ kiriya½ disv± diµµh±nugativasena paµipajjanti, bahussut±pi keci ther± aruccant±pi paveºibhedabhayena paµipajjanti, apare rucivasena atthañca adhipp±yañca pariº±metv± gaºhanti, pakaraºamev±nugatabhikkh³ pana yath±pakaraº±gatameva attha½ gahetv± saªghikañca puggalikañca amissa½ katv±, k±lac²varañca ak±lac²varañca amissa½ katv± gaºhanti. Bhikkhunivibhaªge (p±ci. 738) “th³lanand± bhikkhun² ak±lac²vara½ ‘k±lac²varan’ti adhiµµhahitv± bh±j±pessati, atha bhagav± nissaggiyap±cittiy±patti½ paññapes²”ti ±gata½, tasm± lajj²pesalabahussutasikkh±k±mabh³tena bhikkhun± aneka-p±¼i-aµµhakath±dayo pakaraºe oloketv± sa½sanditv± pakaraºamev±nugantabba½, na aññesa½ kiriya½ saddahitabba½, na ca anugantabba½. Bhagavato hi dharam±nak±le v± tato pacch± v± pubbe d±yak± yebhuyyena catt±ro paccaye saªghasseva denti, tasm± saªghikasen±sanassa saªghikac²varassa ca b±hullato pubb±cariy± saªghassa bh±jetv± eva paribhuñji½su.