29. Kathinatth±ravinicchayakath±

226. Eva˝ catupaccayabh±janavinicchaya˝ kathetv± id±ni kathinavinicchaya˝ kathetum±ha “kathinanti ettha pan±”ti-±di. Tattha kathinanti katama˝ kathina˝? Samłhapańńatti. Na hi paramatthato kathina˝ n±ma eko dhammo atthi, purimavassa˝vutth± bhikkhł, anłnapańcavaggasaŞgho, c˛varam±so, dhammena samena uppannac˛varanti-±d˛su yesu n±marłpesu samuppajjam±nesu tesa˝ n±marłpadhamm±na˝ samłhasamav±yasaŞkh±ta˝ samłhapańńattimattameva kathina˝. Ayamattho katha˝ j±nitabboti? “Tesańńeva dhamm±na˝ saŞgaho samav±yo n±ma˝ n±makamma˝ n±madheyya˝ nirutti byańjana˝ abhil±po, yadida˝ kathinan”ti pariv±rap±Ľiya˝ (pari. 412) ±gatatt± ca, “tesańńeva dhamm±nanti yesu rłp±didhammesu sati kathina˝ n±ma hoti, tesa˝ samodh±na˝ miss˛bh±vo. N±ma˝ n±makammanti-±din± pana ‘kathinan’ti ida˝ bahłsu dhammesu n±mamatta˝, na paramatthato eko dhammo atth˛ti dasset˛”ti aµµhakath±ya˝ (pari. aµµha. 412) ±gatatt± ca, “yesu rłp±didhammesłti purimavassa˝vutth± bhikkhł, pańcahi anłno saŞgho, c˛varam±so, dhammena samena samuppanna˝ c˛varanti evam±d˛su yesu rłp±rłpadhammesu. Sat˛ti santesu. Miss˛bh±voti sa˝saggat± samłhapańńattimatta˝. Ten±ha na paramatthato eko dhammo atth˛ti dasset˛”ti vimativinodaniya˝ (vi. vi. µ˛. pariv±ra 2.412) ±gatatt± ca j±nitabboti.

Kenaµµhena kathinanti? Thiraµµhena. Kasm± thiranti? An±mantac±ra-asam±d±nac±ragaşabhojanay±vadatthac˛varayocatatthac˛varupp±dasaŞkh±te pańc±nisa˝se antokaraşasamatthat±ya. Vuttańhi s±ratthad˛paniya˝ (s±rattha. µ˛. mah±vagga 3.306) “pańc±nisa˝se antokaraşasamatthat±ya thiranti attho”ti, tath± vimativinodaniya˝ (vi. vi. µ˛. mah±vagga 2.306) vajirabuddhiµ˛k±yańca (vajira. µ˛. mah±vagga 306). Atha v± kenaµµhena kathinanti? SaŞgaşhanaµµhena. Katha˝ saŞgaşh±t˛ti? Pańc±nisa˝se ańńattha gantu˝ adatv± saŞgaşh±ti saŞkhipitv± gaşh±ti. Vuttańhi vinayatthamańjłs±ya˝ (kaŞkh±. abhi. µ˛. kathinasikkh±padavaşşan±) “pańc±nisa˝se ańńattha gantu˝ adatv± saŞgaşhanaµµhena kathinan”ti.

Kathina-saddo k±ya dh±tuy± kena paccayena sijjhat˛ti? ݲk±cariy± dh±tupaccaye acintetv± anipphannap±µipadikavaseneva vaşşenti, tasm± aya˝ saddo ruĽh˛suddhan±mabhłto anipphannap±µipadikasaddoti vuccati. Katha˝ vińń±yat˛ti ce? T˛supi vinayaµ˛k±su (s±rattha. µ˛. mah±vagga 3.306; vi. vi. µ˛. mah±vagga 2.306; vajira. µ˛. mah±vagga 306; kaŞkh±. abhi. µ˛. kathinasikkh±padavaşşan±) “thiranti attho” icceva vaşşitatt±. Pańc±nisa˝se antokaraşasamatthat±y±ti pana thirat± cassa hetupadameva. Atha v± kathina-saddo kathadh±tuy± inapaccayena sijjhati. Katha˝? Katha saŞgahaşetimassa laddhadh±tusańń±dissa pańc±nisa˝se ańńattha gantu˝ adatv± saŞgaşh±t˛ti atthe “ina sabbatth±”ti yogavibh±gena v± “supato c±”ti ettha ca-saddena v± inapaccaya˝ katv± parakkhara˝ netv± kathinasaddato syuppatt±dimhi kate rłpa˝. Katha˝ vińń±yat˛ti ce? “SaŞgaşhanaµµhen±”ti vutta˝ kaŞkh±vitaraş˛µ˛k±p±µha˝ niss±ya vińń±yati. Atha v± kaµha kicchaj˛vaneti dh±tuto inapaccaya˝ katv± sijjhati. Ayamattho “kaµha kicchaj˛vane, muddhajadutiyanto dh±tu, ino”ti abhidh±nappad˛pik±µ˛k±ya˝ vuttatt± vińń±yati.

Bahł pana paşąit± ima˝ p±µha˝yeva gahetv± “kathina-saddo muddhajadutiyantoyeva hoti, na dantajo”ti vadanti ceva likhanti ca, na paneva˝ ekantato vattabba˝. Kasm±? Abhidh±nappad˛pik±µ˛k±ya˝ kakkhaĽapariy±ya˝ guşasaddabhłta˝ kaµhinasadda˝ sandh±ya vutta˝, na s±sanavoh±rato n±masaddabhłta˝. Tenev±ha “pańcaka˝ kakkhaĽe”ti. Anekesu pana p±Ľi-aµµhakath±dipotthakesu jinas±sanavoh±rato n±masaddabhłto kathina-saddo dantajoyeva yebhuyyena pańń±yati teneva ca k±raşena abhidh±nappad˛pik±µ˛k±yampi vaşşavipariy±ye kathinantipi vutta˝. Atha v± kattha sil±gh±yanti dh±tuto inapaccaya˝ katv± sasa˝yogatthak±ra˝ nisa˝yoga˝ katv± sijjhati. Ayamattho sil±gh±disuttassa vuttiya˝ “sil±gha katthane”ti vacanato, saddan˛tiyańca “katthana˝ pasa˝sanan”ti vaşşitatt± ca vińń±yati. Idańca vacana˝ “idańhi kathinavatta˝ n±ma buddhappasatthan”ti aµµhakath±vacanena (mah±va. aµµha. 306) sameti. ľcariy± pana “kaµhadh±tu inapaccayo”ti vikappetv± “kaµha samatthane”ti attha˝ vadanti, ta˝ µ˛k±su (s±rattha. µ˛. mah±vagga 3.306; vi. vi. µ˛. mah±vagga 2.306; vajira. µ˛. mah±vagga 306; kaŞkh±. abhi. µ˛. kathinasikkh±padavaşşan±) “thiranti attho”ti vacana˝ anapekkhitv± “pańc±nisa˝se antokaraşasamatthat±y±”ti hetumeva atthabh±vena gahetv± vutta˝ siy±, ta˝ pana thirabh±vassa hetuyeva.

Katha˝ viggaho k±tabboti? Aya˝ kathina-saddo catłsu padesu n±mapada˝, pańcasu n±mesu suddhan±ma˝, catłsu suddhan±mesu ruĽh˛suddhan±ma˝, dv˛su p±µipadikasaddesu anipphannap±µipadikasadda-o, tasm± viggaho na k±tabbo. Vuttańhi–

“RuĽh˛khy±ta˝ nip±tańcu-pasagg±lapana˝ tath±;
sabban±mikametesu, na kato viggaho chasł”ti.

Ayamattho “kathinanti…pe… thiranti attho”ti µ˛k±su (s±rattha. µ˛. mah±vagga 3.306; vi. vi. µ˛. mah±vagga 2.306; vajira. µ˛. mah±vagga 306; kaŞkh±. abhi. µ˛. kathinasikkh±padavaşşan±) vacanato vińń±yati. Atha v± pańc±nisa˝se ańńattha gantu˝ adatv± kathati saŞgaşh±t˛ti kathina˝, aya˝ vacanattho yath±vuttavinayatthamańjłs±p±µhavasena (kaŞkh±. abhi. µ˛. kathinasikkh±padavaşşan±) vińń±yati. Atha v± kaµhati kicchena j˛vat˛ti kathino, rukkho, tassa esoti kathino, thirabh±vo, so etassa atth˛ti kathina˝, pańńattij±ta˝ µha-k±rassa tha-k±ra˝ katv± kathinanti vutta˝. Aya˝ nayo “kaµha kicchaj˛vane”ti dh±tvatthasa˝vaşşan±ya ca “pańc±nisa˝se antokaraşasamatthat±ya thiranti attho”ti µ˛k±vacanena (s±rattha. µ˛. mah±vagga 3.306; vi. vi. µ˛. mah±vagga 2.306; vajira. µ˛. mah±vagga 306; kaŞkh±. abhi. kathinasikkh±padavaşşan±) ca samet˛ti daµµhabbo. Atha v± kath˛yate sil±ghate pasa˝s˛yate buddh±d˛h˛ti kathina˝, aya˝ nayo “kattha sil±gh±yan”ti dh±tvatthasa˝vaşşan±ya ca “idańhi kathinavatta˝ n±ma buddhappasatthan”ti (mah±va. aµµha. 306) aµµhakath±vacanena ca samet˛ti daµµhabbo.

Ettha pana saŞkheparucitt± ±cariyassa saddalakkhaşa˝ avic±retv± atthameva puccha˝ katv± vissajjetu˝ “kathina˝ attharitu˝ ke labhanti, ke na labhant˛”ti-±dim±ha. Tattha ke labhant˛ti ke s±dhent˛ti attho. Pańca jan± labhant˛ti pańca jan± s±dhenti. Kathinadussassa hi d±yak± pacchimakoµiy± catt±ro honti, eko paµigg±hakoti. “Tatra, bhikkhave, yv±ya˝ catuvaggo bhikkhusaŞgho µhapetv± t˛şi kamm±ni upasampada˝ pav±raşa˝ abbh±nan”ti campeyyakkhandhake (mah±va. 388) vuttatt± na pańcavaggakaraş˛yanti gahetabba˝. Paµhamappav±raş±ya pav±rit±ti ida˝ vassaccheda˝ akatv± vassa˝vutthabh±vasandassanattha˝ vutta˝ antar±yena apav±rit±nampi vutthavass±na˝ kathinatth±rasambhavato. Teneva “appav±rit± v±”ti avatv± “chinnavass± v± pacchimik±ya upagat± v± na labhant˛”ti ettakameva vutta˝. Ańńasmi˝ vih±re vutthavass±pi na labhant˛ti n±n±s˛m±ya ańńasmi˝ vih±re vutthavass± imasmi˝ vih±re kathinatth±ra˝ na labhant˛ti attho. Sabbeti chinnavass±dayo, anupagat±pi tattheva saŞgahit±. ľnisa˝santi kathin±nisa˝sac˛vara˝. Eka˝ atthatac˛vara˝yeva hi kathinac˛vara˝ n±ma hoti, avases±ni c˛var±ni v± s±µak± v± kathin±nisa˝s±yeva n±ma. Vakkhati hi “avasesakathin±nisa˝se balavavatth±ni vass±v±sikaµhitik±ya d±tabb±n˛”ti. (Vi. saŞga. aµµha. 226) itaresanti purimik±ya upagat±na˝.

So ce pacchimik±ya upasampajjati, gaşapłrako ceva hoti, ±nisa˝sańca labhat˛ti imin± s±maşer±na˝ vassłpagamana˝ anuńń±ta˝ hoti. So hi purimik±ya vassłpagatatt± ±nisa˝sa˝ labhati, pacchimik±ya pana upasampajjitatt± gaşapłrako hot˛ti. Sace purimik±ya upagat± kathinatth±rakusal± na hont˛ti-±din± “aµµhadhammakovido bhikkhu, kathinatth±ramarahat˛”ti vinayavinicchaye (vi. vi. 2704) ±gatatt± saya˝ ce aµµhadhammakusalo, sayameva attharitabba˝. No ce, ańńe aµµhadhammakusale pariyesitv± netabb±, eva˝ akatv± kathina˝ attharitu˝ na vaµµat˛ti dasseti. Kathina˝ atthar±petv±ti sak±ritavacanena tehi b±hirato ±gatattherehi saya˝ kathina˝ na attharitabba˝, sabbapubbakicc±dika˝ sa˝vidahitv± te purimik±ya vassłpagat± antos˛maµµhabhikkhłyeva atthar±petabb±ti dasseti, ańńath± ańńo kathina˝ attharati, ańńo ±nisa˝sa˝ labhat˛ti ±pajjati, na paneva˝ yujjati. Vakkhati hi “±nisa˝so pana itaresa˝yeva hot˛”ti. D±nańca bhuńjitv±ti kh±dan˛yabhojan˛yabhłta˝ annap±n±did±na˝ bhuńjitv±. Na hi te vatthud±na˝ labhanti.

Kathinac˛vara˝ dem±ti d±tu˝ vaµµat˛ti ettha “saŞghassa kathinac˛vara˝ dem±”ti vattabba˝. Evańhi sati “ida˝ saŞghassa kathinadussa˝ uppannan”ti (mah±va. 307) kammav±c±ya sameti. Atha ca pana pubbe kataparicayatt± “saŞghass±”ti avuttepi sampad±na˝ p±kaµanti katv± avutta˝ siy±ti. Ettheke ±cariy± vadanti “saŞghass±ti avuttepi k±le dinna˝ saŞghika˝ hot˛”ti, tatreva˝ vattabba˝ “na k±le dinna˝ sabba˝ saŞghika˝ hot˛”ti. Katha˝ vińń±yat˛ti ce? “Yańca k±lepi saŞghassa v± ida˝ ak±lac˛varanti, puggalassa v± ida˝ tuyha˝ damm˛ti-±din± nayena dinna˝, eta˝ ak±lac˛vara˝ n±m±”ti kaŞkh±vitaraşiya˝ (kaŞkh±. aµµha. ak±lacivarasikkh±padavaşşan±) ±gatatt± puggalikampi hot˛ti vińń±yati, tasm± parammukh±pi n±ma˝ vatv± sammukh±pi p±damłle µhapetv± dinna˝ puggalikameva hoti, na saŞghika˝. Vuttańheta˝ aµµhakath±ya˝ (mah±va. aµµha. 379) “puggalassa det˛ti ‘ima˝ c˛vara˝ itthann±massa damm˛’ti eva˝ parammukh± v±, p±damłle µhapetv± ‘ima˝, bhante, tumh±ka˝ damm˛’ti eva˝ sammukh± v± det˛”ti. Eva˝ puggalike sati ta˝ c˛vara˝ saŞghassa bh±jetabba˝ hoti v± na hoti v±ti? So puggalo attano saddhivih±rika-antev±sikabhłtassa saŞghassa v± ańńassa sahadhammikasaŞghassa v± bh±jetuk±mo bh±jeyya, abh±jetuk±mo “bh±jetł”ti na kenaci vacan˛yo. Katha˝ vińń±yat˛ti ce? “Na hi puggalassa ±dissa dinna˝ kenaci bh±jan˛ya˝ hot˛”ti µ˛k±su ±gamanato vińń±yati. Atheke ±cariy± eva˝ vadanti “kathinassa eka˝ młla˝ saŞghoti (pari. 408) vuttatt± puggala˝ uddissa dinnepi saŞgh±yatta˝ saŞghika˝ hoti. Yath± ki˝ ‘s˛m±ya dammi, sen±sanassa damm˛’ti vuttepi ta˝ d±na˝ saŞghika˝ hoti, yath± ca ‘kathinac˛vara˝ damm˛’ti vutte saŞghika˝ hot˛”ti.

Tatreva˝ vic±retabba˝– “kathinassa eka˝ młla˝ saŞgho”ti vacana˝ (pari. 408) kathinassa młla˝ kathinassa k±raşa˝ dasseti. Yath± hi młle vijjam±ne rukkho tiµµhati, avijjam±ne na tiµµhati, tasm± młla˝ rukkhassa k±raşa˝ hoti, patiµµha˝ hoti, eva˝ saŞghe vijjam±ne kathina˝ hoti, no avijjam±ne, tasm± saŞgho kathinassa młla˝ kathinassa k±raşa˝ n±ma hoti. Katha˝ saŞghe vijjam±ne kathina˝ hoti? Sabbantimena paricchedena catuvaggabhłtena saŞghena atth±r±rahassa bhikkhuno ńattidutiyakammav±c±ya kathinac˛vare dinneyeva tena c˛varena atthata˝ kathina˝ n±ma hoti, no adinne, tasm± catuvaggasaŞghe alabbham±ne sahassakkhattu˝ “kathina˝ damm˛”ti vuttepi kathina˝ n±ma na hoti, tasm± upac±ras˛m±ya paricchinne vih±re eko v± dve v± tayo v± catt±ro v± bhikkhł viharanti, tattha kathinac˛vare uppanne ańńato pariyesitv± catuvaggasaŞgho eko paµigg±hakoti pańcanna˝ bhikkhłna˝ płraşe sati kathina˝ attharitu˝ labhati, n±sati, eva˝ saŞghe vijjam±neyeva kathina˝ n±ma hoti, no avijjam±ne, tasm± saŞghassa kathinassa młlabhłtata˝ k±raşabhłtata˝ sandh±ya “kathinassa eka˝ młla˝ saŞgho”ti vutta˝. “Kathinan”ti vutte saŞghika˝yeva hoti, no puggalikanti adhipp±yo etasmi˝ p±µhe na labbhati. Yath± ki˝ “kicc±dhikaraşassa eka˝ młla˝ saŞgho”ti (cłĽava. 219) ettha apalokanakammańattikammańattidutiyakammańatticatutthakammasaŞkh±ta˝ kicc±dhikaraşa˝ catuvagg±dike saŞghe vijjam±neyeva hoti, no avijjam±ne, tasm± saŞghassa kicc±dhikaraşassa młlabhłtata˝ k±raşabhłtata˝ sandh±ya “kicc±dhikaraşassa eka˝ młla˝ saŞgho”ti vuccati, eva˝sampadamida˝ daµµhabba˝.