Vih±ravinicchayakath±vaººan±

Id±ni catupaccayantogadhatt± vih±rassa catupaccayabh±janakath±nantara½ vih±ravinicchayakath± ±rabh²yate. Tatrida½ vuccati–

“Ko vih±ro kenaµµhena;
vih±ro so katividho;
kena so kassa d±tabbo;
katha½ ko tassa issaro.
“Kena so g±hito kassa;
anuµµh±paniy± kati;
katihaªgehi yuttassa;
dhuvav±s±ya d²yate”ti.

Tattha ko vih±roti cat³su paccayesu sen±sanasaªkh±to cat³su sen±sanesu vih±rasen±sanasaªkh±to bhikkh³na½ niv±sabh³to patissayaviseso. Kenaµµhena vih±roti viharanti etth±ti vih±ro, iriy±pathadibbabrahma-ariyasaªkh±tehi cat³hi vih±rehi ariy± ettha viharant²tyattho. So katividhoti saªghikavih±ragaºasantakavih±rapuggalikavih±ravasena tibbidho. Vuttañheta½ samantap±s±dik±ya½ “c±tuddisa½ saªgha½ uddissa bhikkh³na½ dinna½ vih±ra½ v± pariveºa½ v± ±v±sa½ v± mahantampi khuddakampi abhiyuñjato abhiyogo na ruhati, acchinditv± gaºhitumpi na sakkoti. Kasm±? Sabbesa½ dhuranikkhep±bh±vato. Na hettha sabbe c±tuddis± bhikkh³ dhuranikkhepa½ karont²ti. D²ghabh±ºak±dibhedassa pana gaºassa, ekapuggalassa v± santaka½ abhiyuñjitv± gaºhanto sakkoti te dhura½ nikkhip±petu½, tasm± tattha ±r±me vuttanayeneva vinicchayo veditabbo”ti. Imin± d±yakasantako vih±ro n±ma natth²ti d²peti.

Kena so d±tabboti khattiyena v± br±hmaºena v± yena kenaci so vih±ro d±tabbo. Kassa d±tabboti saªghassa v± gaºassa v± puggalassa v± d±tabbo. Katha½ d±tabboti yadi saªghassa deti, “ima½ vih±ra½ ±gat±n±gatassa c±tuddisassa saªghassa damm²”ti, yadi gaºassa, “ima½ vih±ra½ ±yasmant±na½ damm²”ti, yadi puggalassa, “ima½ vih±ra½ ±yasmato damm²”ti d±tabbo. Ko tassa issaroti yadi saªghassa deti, saªgho tassa vih±rassa issaro. Yadi gaºassa deti, gaºo tassa issaro. Yadi puggalassa deti, puggalo tassa issaroti. Tath± hi vutta½ aµµhakath±ya½ “d²ghabh±ºak±dikassa pana gaºassa ekapuggalassa v± santakan”ti.

Kena so g±hitoti sen±sanagg±h±pakena so vih±ro g±hito. Vuttañheta½ bhagavat± “anuj±n±mi, bhikkhave, pañcahaªgehi samann±gata½ sen±sanagg±h±paka½ sammannitu½, yo na chand±gati½ gaccheyya, na dos±gati½ gaccheyya, na moh±gati½ gaccheyya, evañca, bhikkhave, sammannitabbo, paµhama½ bhikkhu y±citabbo, y±citv± byattena bhikkhun± paµibalena saªgho ñ±petabbo–

“Suº±tu me, bhante, saªgho, yadi saªghassa pattakalla½, saªgho itthann±ma½ bhikkhu½ sen±sanagg±h±paka½ sammanneyya, es± ñatti.
“Suº±tu me, bhante, saªgho, saªgho itthann±ma½ bhikkhu½ sen±sanagg±h±paka½ sammannati. Yass±yasmato khamati itthann±massa bhikkhuno sen±sanagg±h±pakassa sammuti, so tuºhassa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bh±seyya.
“Sammato saªghena itthann±mo bhikkhu sen±sanagg±h±pako, khamati saªghassa, tasm± tuºh², evameta½ dh±ray±m²”ti (c³¼ava. 317).

Kassa so g±hitoti bhikkh³na½ so vih±ro g±hito. Vuttañheta½ bhagavat± “anuj±n±mi, bhikkhave, paµhama½ bhikkh³ gaºetu½, bhikkh³ gaºetv± seyy± gaºetu½, seyy± gaºetv± seyyaggena g±hetun”ti (c³¼ava. 318). Anuµµh±paniy± kat²ti catt±ro anuµµh±pan²y± vu¹¹hataro gil±no bhaº¹±g±riko saªghato laddhasen±sanoti. Vuttañheta½ kaªkh±vitaraºiya½ (kaªakh±. aµµha. anupakhajjasikkh±padavaººan±) “vu¹¹ho hi attano vu¹¹hat±ya anuµµh±pan²yo gil±no gil±nat±ya, saªgho pana bhaº¹±g±rikassa v± dhammakathikavinayadharagaºav±cak±cariy±na½ v± bah³pak±rata½ guºavisiµµhatañca sallakkhetv± dhuvav±satth±ya vih±ra½ sallakkhetv± sammannitv± deti, tasm± yassa saªghena dinno, sopi anuµµh±pan²yo”ti.

Katihaªgehi yuttassa dhuvav±s±ya d²yateti ukkaµµhaparicchedena dv²hi aªgehi yuttassa dhuvav±satth±ya vih±ro d²yate. Katamehi dv²hi? Bah³pak±rat±ya guºavisiµµhat±ya ceti. Katha½ viññ±yat²ti ce? “Bah³pak±ratanti bhaº¹±g±rikat±dibahu-upak±rabh±va½, na kevala½ idamev±ti ±ha ‘guºavisiµµhatañc±’ti. Tena bah³pak±rattepi guºavisiµµhatt±bh±ve guºavisiµµhattepi bah³pak±ratt±bh±ve d±tu½ vaµµat²ti dasset²”ti vinayatthamañj³s±ya½ (kaªakh±. abhi. µ². anupakhajjasikkh±padavaººan±) vacanato. Omakaparicchedena ekena aªgena yuttassapi. Katamena ekena aªgena? Bah³pak±rat±ya v± guºavisiµµhat±ya v±. Katha½ viññ±yat²ti ce? “Bah³pak±rata½ guºavisiµµhatañca sallakkhentoti bhaº¹±g±rikassa bah³pak±rata½, dhammakathik±d²na½ guºavisiµµhatañca sallakkhento”ti s±ratthad²paniya½ (s±rattha. µ². p±cittiya 3.119-121) vacanato.

Sen±sanagg±ho pana duvidho utuk±le ca vass±v±se c±ti k±lavasena. Atha v± tayo sen±sanagg±h± purimako pacchimako antar±muttakoti. Tesa½ viseso heµµh± vuttova. “Utuk±le sen±sanagg±ho antar±muttako ca taªkhaºapaµisall±no c±ti dubbidho. Vass±v±se sen±sanagg±ho purimako ca pacchimako c±ti dubbidhoti catt±ro sen±sanagg±h±”ti ±cariy± vadanti, ta½ vacana½ p±¼iyampi aµµhakath±yampi na ±gata½ P±¼iya½ (c³¼ava. 318) pana “tayome, bhikkhave, sen±sanagg±h± purimako pacchimako antar±muttako”icceva ±gato, aµµhakath±yampi (c³¼ava. aµµha. 318) “t²su sen±sanagg±hesu purimako ca pacchimako c±ti ime dve g±h± th±var±, antar±muttake aya½ vinicchayo”ti ±gato.

Id±ni pana ekacce ±cariy± “imasmi½ k±le sabbe vih±r± saªghik±va, puggalikavih±ro n±ma natthi. Kasm±? Vih±rad±yak±na½ vih±rad±nak±le kul³pak± ‘ima½ vih±ra½ ±gat±n±gatassa c±tuddisassa saªghassa dem±’ti vac²bheda½ k±r±penti, tasm± navavih±r±pi saªghik± eva. Ekaccesu vih±resu eva½ avatv± dentesupi ‘tasmi½ j²vante puggaliko hoti, mate saªghikoyev±’ti vuttatt± por±ºakavih±r±pi saªghik±va hont²”ti vadanti. Tatreva½ vic±retabbo– vac²bheda½ k±r±petv± dinnavih±resupi d±yak± saªgha½ uddissa karont± n±ma appak±, “ima½ n±ma bhikkhu½ ima½ n±ma thera½ vas±pess±m²”ti cintetv± puttad±ramitt±macc±d²hi sammantetv± patiµµh±penti, patiµµh±nak±le avadant±pi d±nak±le yebhuyyena vadanti. Atha pana kul³pak± d±nak±le sikkh±petv± vad±penti, eva½ vadant±pi d±yak± appak± saªgha½ uddissa denti, bahutar± attano kul³pakameva uddissa denti. Eva½ sante kul³pak±na½ vacana½ navasu adhammikad±nesu “puggalassa pariºata½ saªghassa pariº±met²”ti (p±r±. 660; p±ci. 492) vutta½ eka½ adhammikad±na½ ±pajjati. “Tasmi½ j²vante puggaliko, mate saªghiko”ti aya½ p±µho m³lapuggalikavisaye na ±gato, m³lasaªghikavih±ra½ jagg±petu½ puggalikak±r±panaµµh±ne ±gato, tasm± navavih±r±pi puggala½ uddissa dinn± santiyeva. Por±ºakavih±r±pi m³le puggalikavasena dinn± saddhivih±rik±d²na½ puggalikavaseneva d²yam±n±pi tasmi½ j²vanteyeva viss±savasena gayham±n±pi puggalik± hontiyeva, tasm± sabbaso puggalikavih±rassa abh±vav±do vic±retabbova.

Aññe pana ±cariy± “imasmi½ k±le saªghikavih±r± n±ma na santi, sabbe puggalik±va. Kasm±? Navavih±r±pi patiµµh±panak±le d±nak±le ca kul³pakabhikkhu½yeva uddissa katatt± puggalik±va, por±ºakavih±r±pi siss±nusissehi v± aññehi v± puggalehi eva pariggahitatt±, na kad±ci saªghena pariggahitatt± puggalik±va honti, na saªghik±”ti vadanti. Tatr±pyeva½ vic±retabba½– navavih±repi patiµµh±nak±lepi d±nak±lepi ekacce saªgha½ uddissa karonti, ekacce puggala½. Pubbeva puggala½ uddissa katepi atthak±m±na½ paº¹it±na½ vacana½ sutv± puggalikad±nato saªghikad±nameva mahapphalataranti saddahitv± saªghike karont±pi d±yak± santi, puggalikavasena paµiggahite por±ºakavih±repi keci bhikkh³ maraºak±le saªghassa niyy±tenti. Keci kassaci adatv± maranti, tad± so vih±ro saªghiko hoti. Savatthukamah±vih±re pana karont± r±jar±jamah±matt±dayo “pañcavassasahassaparim±ºa½ s±sana½ y±va tiµµhati, t±va mama vih±re vasitv± saªgho catt±ro paccaye paribhuñjat³”ti paºidh±ya cirak±la½ saªghassa paccayupp±dakara½ g±makhett±dika½ “amh±ka½ vih±rassa dem±”ti denti, vih±rass±ti ca vih±re vasanakasaªghassa uddissa denti, na kul³pakabh³tassa ekapuggalassa eva, tasm± yebhuyyena saªghik± dissanti, p±s±ºesu akkhara½ likhitv±pi µhapenti, tasm± sabbaso saªghikavih±r±bh±vav±dopi vic±retabbova.

Apare pana ±cariy± “imasmi½ k±le vih±rad±yakasantak±va, tasm± d±yak±yeva vic±retu½ issar±, na saªgho, na puggalo. Vih±rad±yake asantepi tassa puttadh²tunattapanatt±dayo y±va kulaparampar± tassa vih±rassa issar±va honti. Kasm±ti ce? ‘Yena vih±ro k±rito, so vih±ras±miko’ti (p±ci. aµµha. 116) ±gatatt± ca ‘tassa v± kule yo koci ±pucchitabbo’ti (p±ci. aµµha. 116) ca vacanato vih±rass±mibh³to d±yako v± tassa va½se uppanno v± vic±retu½ issaro. ‘Pacchinne kulava½se yo tassa janapadassa s±miko, so acchinditv± puna deti cittalapabbate bhikkhun± n²haµa½ udakav±haka½ a¼an±gar±jamahes² viya, evampi vaµµat²’ti aµµhakath±ya½ (p±r±. aµµha. 2.538-539) vacanato vih±rad±yakassa kulava½se pacchinnepi tassa janapadassa issaro r±j± v± r±jamah±matto v± yo koci issaro v± vih±ra½ vic±retu½ yath±jjh±saya½ d±tu½ vaµµat²”ti vadanti, tampi aññe paº¹it± n±nuj±nanti.

Katha½? “Yena vih±ro k±rito, so vih±ras±miko”ti vacana½ pubbavoh±ravasena vutta½, na id±ni issaravasena yath± jetavana½, pattass±mikoty±di. Yath± hi jetassa r±jakum±rassa vana½ uyy±na½ jetavananti viggahe kate yadipi an±thapiº¹ikena kiºitv± vih±rapatiµµh±panak±lato paµµh±ya r±jakum±ro tassa uyy±nassa issaro na hoti, tath±pi an±thapiº¹ikena kiºitak±lato pubbe issarabh³tapubbatt± pubbavoh±ravasena sabbad±pi jetavanantveva vohar²yati. Yath± ca pattassa s±miko pattass±mikoti viggahe kate yadipi d±yakehi kiºitv± bhikkhussa dinnak±lato paµµh±ya kamm±ro pattassa issaro na hoti, tath±pi d±yakena kiºitak±lato pubbe issarabh³tapubbatt± pubbavoh±ravasena pattass±mikotveva vohar²yati, eva½ yadipi bhikkhussa dinnak±lato paµµh±ya d±yako vih±rassa issaro na hoti vatthuparicc±galakkhaºatt± d±nassa, tath±pi d±nak±lato pubbe issarabh³tapubbatt± pubbavoh±ravasena vih±rass±mikotveva vohar²yati, na mukhyato issarabh±vatoti viññ±yati, tasm± saªghassa v± gaºassa v± puggalassa v± dinnak±lato paµµh±ya saªgh±dayo paµigg±hak± eva vic±retu½ issar±, na d±yako.

Katha½ viññ±yat²ti ce? Santesupi an±thapiº¹ik±d²su vih±rad±yakesu “anuj±n±mi, bhikkhave, pañcahaªgehi samann±gata½ bhikkhu½ sen±sanagg±h±paka½ sammannitun”ti-±din± (c³¼ava. 317) saªghena sammata½ sen±sanagg±h±paka½ anuj±nitv±, “anuj±n±mi, bhikkhave…pe… seyyaggena g±hetun”ti-±din± (c³¼ava. 318) sen±sanagg±h±pakasseva vic±retu½ issarabh±vassa vacanato ca “dve bhikkh³ saªghika½ bh³mi½ gahetv± sodhetv± saªghika½ sen±sana½ karonti, yena s± bh³mi paµhama½ gahit±, so s±m²”ti ca “ubhopi puggalika½ karonti, soyeva s±m²”ti ca “yo pana saªghika½ vallimattampi aggahetv± ±harimena upakaraºena saªghik±ya bh³miy± puggalikavih±ra½ k±reti, upa¹¹ha½ saªghika½ upa¹¹ha½ puggalikan”ti ca saªghapuggal±na½yeva s±mibh±vassa aµµhakath±ya½ vuttatt± ca viññ±yati.