By±dhipi dukkhoti ida½ pada½ vibhaªge dukkhasaccaniddesap±¼iya½ na ±gata½, teneva visuddhimaggepidukkhasaccaniddese ta½ na uddhaµa½, dhammacakkapavattanasuttantap±¼iya½yeva pana upalabbhati,tasm± tatthevimassa vacane aññattha ca avacane k±raºa½ v²ma½sitabba½.

Maraºampi dukkhanti etth±pi duvidha½ maraºa½ saªkhatalakkhaºañca. Ya½ sandh±ya vutta½ “jar±maraºa½dv²hi khandhehi saªgahitan”ti (dh±tu. 71). Ekabhavapariy±pannaj²vitindriyappabandhavicchedoca. Ya½ sandh±ya vutta½ “nicca½ maraºato bhayan”ti (su. ni. 581; j±. 1.11.88), ta½idha adhippeta½. J±tipaccayamaraºa½ upakkamamaraºa½ sarasamaraºa½ ±yukkhayamaraºa½ puññakkhayamaraºantipitasseva n±ma½. Tayida½ dukkhassa vatthubh±vato dukkhanti veditabba½. Ten±hu por±º±–

“P±passa p±pakamm±di-nimittamanupassato;
bhaddass±pasahantassa, viyoga½ piyavatthuka½;
m²yam±nassa ya½ dukkha½, m±nasa½ avisesato.
“Sabbesañc±pi ya½ sandhi-bandhanacchedan±dika½;
vitujjam±namamm±na½, hoti dukkha½ sar²raja½.
“Asayhamappaµik±ra½, dukkhassetassida½ yato;
maraºa½ vatthu teneta½, dukkhamicceva bh±sitan”ti. (Visuddhi. 2.543; vibha.aµµha. 193; mah±ni. aµµha. 5; paµi. ma. aµµha. 1.1.32-33).

Imasmiñca µh±ne “sokaparidevadukkhadomanassup±y±s±pi dukkh±”ti vibhaªge dukkhasaccaniddese±gata½, idha pana ta½ natthi, tatth±pi k±raºa½ pariyesitabba½.

Appiyehi sampayogo dukkhoti ettha appiyasampayogo n±ma aman±pehi sattasaªkh±rehi samodh±na½.Sopi dukkhavatthuto dukkho. Ten±hu por±º±–

“Disv±va appiye dukkha½, paµhama½ hoti cetasi;
tadupakkamasambh³ta-matha k±ye yato idha.
“Tato dukkhadvayass±pi, vatthuto so mahesin±;
dukkho vuttoti viññeyyo, appiyehi sam±gamo”ti.

Piyehi vippayogo dukkhoti ettha pana piyavippayogo n±ma man±pehi sattasaªkh±rehivin±bh±vo. Sopi sokadukkhassa vatthuto dukkho. Ten±hu por±º±–

“ѱtidhan±diviyog±;
sokasarasamappit± vitujjanti;
b±l± yato tatoya½;
dukkhoti mato piyavippayogo”ti.

Yampiccha½ na labhat²ti ettha “aho vata maya½ na j±tidhamm± ass±m±”ti-±d²su alabbhaneyyavatth³suicch±va “yampiccha½ na labhati, tampi dukkhan”ti vutt±, s±pi dukkhavatthuto dukkh±.Ten±hu por±º±–

“Ta½ ta½ patthayam±n±na½, tassa tassa al±bhato;
ya½ vigh±tamaya½ dukkha½, satt±na½ idha j±yati.
“Alabbhaneyyavatth³na½, patthan± tassa k±raºa½;
yasm± tasm± jino dukkha½, icchit±l±bhamabrav²”ti.

Sa½khittena pañcup±d±nakkhandh± dukkh±ti ettha pana yasm± indhanamiva p±vako, lakkhamiva paharaº±ni,gor³pa½ viya ¹a½samakas±dayo, khettamiva l±yak±, g±ma½ viya g±magh±tak±, up±d±nakkhandhapañcakamevaj±ti-±dayo n±nappak±rehi vib±dhent± tiºalat±d²ni viya bh³miya½, pupphaphalapallav±niviya rukkhesu up±d±nakkhandhesuyeva nibbattanti, up±d±nakkhandh±nañca ±didukkha½ j±ti,majjhedukkha½ jar±, pariyos±nadukkha½ maraºa½, manorathavigh±tappatt±nañca icch±vigh±tadukkha½icchit±l±bhoti eva½ n±nappak±rato upaparikkhiyam±n± up±d±nakkhandh±va dukkh±ti yadeta½ekameka½ dassetv± vuccam±na½ anekehipi kappehi na sakk± anavasesato vattu½,tasm± ta½ sabbampi dukkha½ ekajalabindumhi sakalasamuddajalarasa½ viya yesu kesucipañcup±d±nakkhandhesu saªkhipitv± dassetu½ “sa½khittena pañcup±d±nakkhandh±dukkh±”ti bhagav± avoca. Ten±hu por±º±–

“J±tippabhutika½ dukkha½, ya½ vuttamidha t±din±;
avutta½ yañca ta½ sabba½, vin± ete na vijjati.
“Yasm± tasm± up±d±na-kkhandh± saªkhepato ime;
dukkh±ti vutt± dukkhanta-desakena mahesin±”ti.

Eva½ sar³pato dukkhasacca½ dassetv± id±ni samudayasacca½ dassetu½ “ida½ kho pana, bhikkhave,dukkhasamudayan”ti-±dim±ha. Tattha sa½-iti aya½ saddo “sam±gamo sametan”ti-±d²susa½yoga½ d²peti, u-iti aya½ “uppanna½ uditan”ti-±d²su uppatti½. Aya-saddopana k±raºa½ d²peti. Idañc±pi dutiyasacca½ avasesapaccayasam±yoge sati dukkhassuppattik±raºantidukkhassa sa½yoge uppattik±raºatt± “dukkhasamudayan”ti vuccati. Y±ya½ taºh±tiy± aya½ taºh±. Ponobbhavik±ti punabbhavakaraºa½ punabbhavo uttarapadalopena, punabbhavos²lametiss±ti ponobbhavik±. Nand²r±gena sahagat±ti nand²r±gasahagat±. Ida½ vutta½hoti “nandanato rajjanato ca nand²r±gabh±va½ sabb±su avatth±su appaccakkh±ya vuttiy± nand²r±gasahagat±”ti.Tatratatr±bhinandin²ti yatra yatra attabh±vo nibbattati, tatratatr±bhinandin².

Seyyathidanti nip±to, tassa s± katam±ti ceti ayamattho. R³pataºh±dibhedena chabbidh±yevataºh± pavatti-±k±rabhedato k±mataºh±divasena tividh± vutt±. R³pataºh±yeva hi yad±cakkhussa ±p±tham±gata½ r³p±rammaºa½ k±mass±davasena ass±dayam±n± pavattati, tad± k±mataºh±n±ma hoti. Yad± tadev±rammaºa½ dhuva½ sassatanti pavatt±ya sassatadiµµhiy± saddhi½ pavattati,tad± bhavataºh± n±ma hoti. Sassatadiµµhisahagato hi r±go “bhavataºh±”ti vuccati.Yad± pana tadev±rammaºa½ ucchijjati vinassat²ti pavatt±ya ucchedadiµµhiy± saddhi½ pavattati,tad± vibhavataºh± n±ma hoti. Ucchedadiµµhisahagato hi r±go “vibhavataºh±”ti vuccati.Esa nayo saddataºh±d²supi.

Kasm± panettha taºh±va samudayasacca½ vutt±ti? Visesahetubh±vato. Avijj±hi bhavesu ±d²nava½ paµicch±dent² diµµhi-±di-up±d±nañca tattha tattha abhinivisam±na½taºha½ abhiva¹¹heti, dos±dayopi kammassa k±raºa½ honti, taºh± pana ta½ta½bhavayonigativiññ±ºaµµhitisatt±-±v±sasattanik±yakulabhogissariy±divicittata½abhipatthent² kammavicittat±ya upanissayata½ kammassa ca sah±yabh±va½ upagacchant² bhav±divicittata½niyameti, tasm± dukkhassa visesahetubh±vato aññesupi avijj±-up±d±nakamm±d²susutte abhidhamme ca avasesakiles±kusalam³l±d²su vuttesu dukkhahet³su vijjam±nesutaºh±va “samudayasaccan”ti vutt±ti veditabba½.

Id±ni dukkhanirodha½ ariyasacca½ dassetu½ “ida½ kho pana, bhikkhave, dukkhanirodhan”ti-±dim±ha.Tattha yasm± ni-saddo abh±va½, rodha-saddo ca c±raka½ d²peti, tasm± abh±vo ettha sa½s±rac±rakasaªkh±tassadukkharodhassa sabbagatisuññatt±, samadhigate v± tasmi½ sa½s±rac±rakasaªkh±tassa dukkharodhassaabh±vo hoti tappaµipakkhatt±tipi “dukkhanirodhan”ti vuccati. Dukkhassa v±anupp±danirodhapaccayatt± dukkhanirodha½. Dukkhanirodha½ dassentena cettha “yotass±yeva taºh±y±”ti-±din± nayena samudayanirodho vutto, so kasm± vuttotice? Samudayanirodhena dukkhanirodho. By±dhinimittav³pasamena by±dhiv³pasamo viyahi hetunirodhena phalanirodho, tasm± samudayanirodheneva dukkha½ nirujjhati, na aññath±.Ten±ha–

“Yath±pi m³le anupaddave da¼he;
chinnopi rukkho punareva r³hati;
evampi taºh±nusaye an³hate;
nibbattat² dukkhamida½ punappunan”ti. (Dha. pa. 338).

Iti yasm± samudayanirodheneva dukkha½ nirujjhati, tasm± bhagav± dukkhanirodha½ dassentosamudayanirodhena desesi. S²hasam±navuttino hi tath±gat±. Te dukkha½ nirodhent±dukkhanirodhañca desent± hetumhi paµipajjanti, na phale. Yath± hi s²ho yenattanisaro khitto, tattheva attano bala½ dasseti, na sare, tath± buddh±na½ k±raºepaµipatti, na phale. Titthiy± pana suv±navuttino. Te dukkha½ nirodhent± dukkhanirodhañcadesent± attakilamath±nuyogadesan±d²hi phale paµipajjanti, na hetumhi. Yath± hisunakh± kenaci le¹¹uppah±re dinne bhussant± le¹¹u½ kh±danti, na pah±rad±yake uµµhahanti,eva½ aññatitthiy± dukkha½ nirodhetuk±m± k±yakhedamanuyujjanti, na kilesanirodhana½,eva½ t±va dukkhanirodhassa samudayanirodhavasena desan±ya payojana½ veditabba½.

Aya½ panettha attho. Tass±yeva taºh±y±ti tass± “ponobbhavik±”ti vatv±k±mataºh±divasena vibhattataºh±ya. Vir±go vuccati maggo. “Vir±g± vimuccat²”ti(ma. ni. 1.245; sa½. ni. 3.12, 59) hi vutta½. Vir±gena nirodho vir±ganirodho,anusayasamuggh±tato aseso vir±ganirodho asesavir±ganirodho. Atha v± vir±gotipah±na½ vuccati, tasm± anusayasamuggh±tato aseso vir±go aseso nirodhoti evampetthayojan± daµµhabb±, atthato pana sabb±neva et±ni nibb±nassa vevacan±ni. Paramatthato hidukkhanirodho ariyasaccanti nibb±na½ vuccati. Yasm± pana ta½ ±gamma taºh± virajjaticeva nirujjhati ca, tasm± “vir±go”ti ca “nirodho”ti ca vuccati. Yasm±ca tadeva ±gamma tass± c±g±dayo honti, k±maguº±lay±d²su cettha ekopi ±layo natthi,tasm± c±go paµinissaggo mutti an±layoti vuccati.

Id±ni dukkhanirodhag±minipaµipad±-ariyasacca½ dassetu½ “ida½ kho pana, bhikkhave, dukkhanirodhag±min²”ti-±dim±ha.Yasm± paneta½ ariyasacca½ dukkhanirodha½ gacchati ±rammaºavasa-ena tadabhimukhabh³tatt±, paµipad±ca hoti dukkhanirodhappattiy±, tasm± “dukkhanirodhag±min² paµipad±”ti vuccati.Sesamettha vuttanayameva. Ko pana nesa½ dukkh±d²na½ saccaµµhoti? Yo paññ±cakkhun±upaparikkhiyam±n±na½ m±y±va vipar²to, mar²civa visa½v±dako, titthiy±na½ att± viyaanupalabbhasabh±vo ca na hoti, atha kho b±dhanappabhavasantiniyy±nappak±rena tacch±vipar²tabh³tabh±venaariyañ±ºassa gocaro hotiyeva, esa aggilakkhaºa½ viya lokapakati viya ca tacch±vipar²tabh³tabh±vosaccaµµhoti veditabbo. Ettha ca aggilakkhaºa½ n±ma uºhatta½. Tañhi katthaci kaµµh±di-up±d±nabhedevisa½v±daka½ vipar²ta½ abh³ta½ v± kad±cipi na hoti, “j±tidhamm± jar±dhamm±,atho maraºadhammino”ti (a. ni. 5.57) eva½ vuttaj±ti-±dik± lokapakat²ti veditabb±.“Ekacc±na½ tiracch±n±na½ tiriya½ d²ghat±, manuss±d²na½ uddha½ d²ghat±, vuddhiniµµhappatt±na½puna ava¹¹hananti evam±dik± ca lokapakat²”ti vadanti.

Apica–

N±b±dhaka½ yato dukkha½, dukkh± añña½ na b±dhaka½;
b±dhakattaniy±mena, tato saccamida½ mata½.
Ta½ vin± n±ññato dukkha½, na hoti na ca ta½ tato;
dukkhahetuniy±mena, iti sacca½ visattik±.
N±ññ± nibb±nato santi, santa½ na ca na ta½ yato;
santabh±vaniy±mena, tato saccamida½ mata½.
Magg± añña½ na niyy±na½, aniyy±no na c±pi so;
tacchaniyy±nabh±vatt±, iti so saccasammato.
Iti tacch±vipall±sa-bh³tabh±va½ cat³supi;
dukkh±d²svavisesena, saccaµµha½ ±hu paº¹it±ti. (Vibha. aµµha. 189).

15. Pubbe ananussutes³ti ito pubbe “ida½ dukkhan”ti-±din± na anussutesuassutapubbesu catusaccadhammesu. Cakkhunti-±d²ni ñ±ºavevacan±neva. ѱºameva hetthapaccakkhato dassanaµµhena cakkhu viy±ti cakkhu, ñ±ºaµµhena ñ±ºa½, pak±rato j±nanaµµhenapaññ±, paµivijjhanaµµhena vijj±, saccappaµicch±dakassa mohandhak±rassa vidhamanatoobh±sanaµµhena ±lokoti vutta½. Ta½ paneta½ cat³su saccesu lokiyalokuttaramissaka½niddiµµhanti veditabba½.

16. Y±vak²vañc±ti yattaka½ k±la½. Tiparivaµµanti saccañ±ºakiccañ±ºakatañ±ºasaªkh±t±na½tiººa½ parivaµµ±na½ vasena tiparivaµµa½. Saccañ±º±divasena hi tayo parivaµµ± etass±ti tiparivaµµantivuccati ñ±ºadassana½. Ettha ca “ida½ dukkha½ ariyasacca½, ida½ dukkhasamudayan”tieva½ cat³su saccesu yath±bh³tañ±ºa½ saccañ±ºa½ n±ma. Tesuyeva “pariññeyya½ pah±tabba½ sacchik±tabba½ bh±vetabban”ti eva½ kattabbakiccaj±nanañ±ºa½kiccañ±ºa½ n±ma. “Pariññ±ta½ pah²na½ sacchikata½ bh±vitan”ti eva½ tassakatabh±vaj±nanañ±ºa½ katañ±ºa½ n±ma. Dv±das±k±ranti tesa½yeva ekekasmi½ saccetiººa½ tiººa½ ±k±r±na½ vasena dv±das±k±ra½. ѱºadassananti etesa½ tiparivaµµ±na½dv±dasanna½ ±k±r±na½ vasena uppannañ±ºasaªkh±ta½ dassana½.

Anuttara½ samm±sambodhinti uttaravirahita½ sabbaseµµha½ samm± s±mañca bodhi½. Athav± pasattha½ sundarañca bodhi½. Bodh²ti ca bhagavato arahattamaggo idh±dhippeto. S±vak±na½arahattamaggo anuttar± bodhi hoti, na hot²ti? Na hoti. Kasm±? Asabbaguºad±yakatt±.Tesañhi kassaci arahattamaggo arahattaphalameva deti, kassaci tisso vijj±, kassacicha abhiññ±, kassaci catasso paµisambhid±, kassaci s±vakap±ram²ñ±ºa½. Paccekabuddh±nampipaccekabodhiñ±ºameva deti, buddh±na½ pana sabbaguºasampatti½ deti abhiseko viya raññosabbalokissariyabh±va½. Tasm± aññassa kassacipi anuttar± bodhi na hot²ti. Abhisambuddhotipaccaññ±sinti abhisambuddho aha½ patto paµivijjhitv± µhitoti eva½ paµij±ni½. ѱºañcapana me dassana½ udap±d²ti adhigataguº±na½ y±th±vato dassanasamattha½ paccavekkhaºañ±ºañca paname udap±di. Akupp± me vimutt²ti aya½ mayha½ arahattaphalavimutti akupp±paµipakkhehi na kopetabb±ti eva½ ñ±ºa½ udap±di. Tattha dv²h±k±rehi akuppat± veditabb±maggasaªkh±tak±raºato ca ±rammaºato ca. S± hi cat³hi maggehi samucchinnakiles±na½ puna anivattanat±ya k±raºatopi akupp±, akuppadhamma½ nibb±na½ ±rammaºa½ katv± pavattat±ya±rammaºatopi akupp± an±kupp±rammaº±na½ lokiyasam±patt²na½ tadabh±vato.Antim±ti pacchim±. Natthi d±ni punabbhavoti id±ni puna añño bhavo n±manatth²ti.

Imasmiñca pana veyy±karaºasminti imasmi½ nigg±thake sutte. Nigg±thakañhi sutta½pucch±vissajjanasahita½ “veyy±karaºan”ti vuccati. Bhaññam±neti bhaºiyam±ne,desiyam±neti attho. Virajanti ap±yagaman²yar±garaj±d²na½ vigamena viraja½. V²tamalantianavasesadiµµhivicikicch±mal±pagamena v²tamala½ Paµhamamaggavajjhakilesaraj±bh±venav± viraja½, pañcavidhaduss²lyamal±pagamena v²tamala½. Dhammacakkhunti brahm±yusutte(ma. ni. 2.383 ±dayo) heµµhim± tayo magg± vutt±, c³¼ar±hulov±de (ma. ni.3.416 ±dayo) ±savakkhayo, idha pana sot±pattimaggo adhippeto. Catusaccasaªkh±tesudhammesu tesa½ dassanaµµhena cakkh³ti dhammacakkhu, heµµhimesu v± t²su maggadhammesu eka½sot±pattimaggasaªkh±ta½ cakkh³ti dhammacakkhu, samathavipassan±dhammanibbattat±ya s²l±ditividhadhammakkhandhabh³tat±yav± dhammamaya½ cakkh³tipi dhammacakkhu, tassa uppatti-±k±radassanattha½ “ya½ kiñcisamudayadhamma½, sabba½ ta½ nirodhadhamman”ti ±ha. Nanu ca maggañ±ºa½ asaªkhatadhamm±rammaºa½,na saªkhatadhamm±rammaºanti? Saccameta½, yasm± ta½ nirodha½ ±rammaºa½ katv± kiccavasenasabbasaªkhata½ asammohappaµivedhavasena paµivijjhanta½ uppajjati, tasm± tath± vutta½.

17. Dhammacakketi paµivedhañ±ºañceva desan±ñ±ºañca pavattanaµµhena cakkanti dhammacakka½.Bodhipallaªke nisinnassa hi cat³su saccesu uppanna½ dv±das±k±ra½ paµivedhañ±ºampi,isipatane nisinnassa dv±das±k±r±ya saccadesan±ya pavattaka½ desan±ñ±ºampi dhammacakka½n±ma. Ubhayampi heta½ dasabalassa ure pavattañ±ºameva. Tadubhaya½ im±ya desan±ya pak±sentenabhagavat± dhammacakka½ pavattita½ n±ma. Ta½ paneta½ dhammacakka½ y±va aññ±sikoº¹aññattheroaµµh±rasahi brahmakoµ²hi saddhi½ sot±pattiphale patiµµh±ti, t±va bhagav± pavatteti n±mapavattanakiccassa aniµµhitatt±. Patiµµhite pavattita½ n±ma kassapasamm±sambuddhassa s±sanantaradh±natopaµµh±ya y±va buddhupp±do, ettaka½ k±la½ appavattapubbassa pavattitatt±. Ta½ sandh±ya “pavattiteca pana bhagavat± dhammacakke bhumm± dev± saddamanuss±vesun”ti-±di vutta½. Tattha bhumm±tibh³maµµhakadevat±. Saddamanuss±vesunti ekappah±reneva s±dhuk±ra½ datv± “eta½bhagavat±”ti-±d²ni vadant± anuss±vayi½su. Obh±soti sabbaññutaññ±º±nubh±vena pavattocittapaccaya-utusamuµµh±no obh±so. So hi tad± dev±na½ dev±nubh±va½ atikkamitv± virocittha. Aññ±si vata bho koº¹aññoti imassapi ud±nassa ud±haraºaghoso dasasahassilokadh±tu½pharitv± aµµh±si. Bhagavato hi dhammacakkappavattanassa ±rambhe viya parisam±panepi ativiyau¼±ratama½ p²tisomanassa½ udap±di.

18. Diµµho ariyasaccadhammo eten±ti diµµhadhammo. Esa nayo sesapadesupi.Ettha ca dassana½ n±ma ñ±ºadassanato aññampi atth²ti ta½nivattanattha½ “pattadhammo”tivutta½. Patti ca ñ±ºasampattito aññ±pi vijjat²ti tato visesanattha½ “viditadhammo”tivutta½. S± panes± viditadhammat± ekadesatopi hot²ti nippadesato viditabh±va½ dassetu½“pariyog±¼hadhammo”ti vutta½. Tenassa sacc±bhisambodhi½yeva d²peti. Maggañ±ºañhiek±bhisamayavasena pariññ±dikicca½ s±dhenta½ nippadesena catusaccadhamma½ samantato og±¼ha½n±ma hoti. Sappaµibhayakant±rasadis± so¼asavatthuk± aµµhavatthuk± ca tiºº± vicikicch±anen±ti tiººavicikiccho. Pavatti-±d²su “eva½ nukho na nukho”ti eva½pavattik± vigat± samucchinn± katha½kath± ass±ti vigatakatha½katho. Ves±rajjappattotis±rajjakar±na½ p±padhamm±na½ pah²natt± tappaµipakkhesu ca s²l±d²su guºesu suppatiµµhitatt±vis±radabh±va½ veyyattiya½ patto adhigato. Sv±ya½ ves±rajjappattisuppatiµµhitabh±vo katth±ti±ha “satthus±sane”ti. Attan± paccakkhato adhigatatt± na para½ pacceti, parassa saddh±yaettha nappavattati, na tassa paro paccetabbo atth²ti aparappaccayo.

Labheyy±hanti labheyya½ aha½, ±y±canavacanameta½. Eh²ti ±y±cit±na½ pabbajj³pasampad±na½anumatabh±vappak±sanavacana½, tasm± ehi sampaµicch±hi yath±y±cita½ pabbajj³pasampadavisesantiattho. Iti-saddo tassa ehibhikkh³pasampad±paµil±bhanimittavacanapariyos±nadassano.Tadavas±no hi tassa bhikkhubh±vo. Tenev±ha “ehi bhikkh³ti bhagavato vacanena abhinipphann±s±va tassa ±yasmato ehibhikkh³pasampad± ahos²”ti. Cara brahmacariyanti uparimaggattayasaªkh±ta½brahmacariya½ samadhigaccha. Kimattha½? Samm± dukkhassa antakiriy±ya. Idh±pi “avoc±”tisambandhitabba½. “Nava koµisahass±n²”ti-±din± (visuddhi. 1.20; paµi. ma. aµµha.1.1.37) vuttappabhed±na½ anekasahass±na½ sa½varavinay±na½ sam±diyitv± vattanena uparibh³t±aggabh³t± sampad±ti upasampad±.

19. N²h±rabhattoti n²haµabhatto, g±mato bhikkha½ n²haritv± bhikkh³hi dinnabhattotiattho Bhagav± hi daharakum±rake viya te bhikkh³ pariharanto p±µipadadivasatopaµµh±ya piº¹ap±tatth±yapi g±ma½ apavisitv± antovih±reyeva vasi.

Dhammacakkappavattanasuttavaººan± niµµhit±.