Dhammacakkappavattanasuttavaººan±

13. Dveme, bhikkhave, ant±ti dve ime, bhikkhave, koµµh±s±, dve bh±g±ti attho.Bh±gavacano hettha anta-saddo “pubbante ñ±ºa½ aparante ñ±ºan”ti-±d²su (dha. sa. 1063)viya. Imassa pana padassa ucc±raºasamak±la½ pavattanigghoso buddh±nubh±vena heµµh± av²ci½upari bhavagga½ patv± dasasahassilokadh±tu½ pharitv± aµµh±si. Tasmi½yeva samaye paripakkakusalam³l±sacc±bhisambodh±ya kat±dhik±r± aµµh±rasakoµisaªkh± brahm±no sam±gacchi½su. Pacchimadis±yas³riyo atthameti, p±c²nadis±ya ±s±¼hanakkhattena yutto puººacando uggacchati. Tasmi½samaye bhagav± dhammacakkappavattanasutta½ ±rabhanto “dveme, bhikkhave, ant±”ti-±dim±ha.
Tattha pabbajiten±ti gihibandhana½ chetv± pabbajjupagatena. Na sevitabb±ti na va¼añjetabb±n±nuyuñjitabb±. Yo c±ya½ k±mesu k±masukhallik±nuyogoti yo ca aya½vatthuk±mesu kilesak±masukhassa anuyogo, kilesak±masa½yuttassa sukhassa anugatotiattho. H²noti l±mako. Gammoti g±mav±s²na½ santako tehi sevitabbat±ya.Pothujjanikoti puthujjanena andhab±lajanena ±ciººo. Anariyoti na ariyona visuddho na uttamo, na v± ariy±na½ santako. Anatthasa½hitoti na atthasa½hito,hitasukh±vahak±raºa½ anissitoti attho. Attakilamath±nuyogoti attano kilamathassaanuyogo, dukkhakaraºa½ dukkhupp±dananti attho. Dukkhoti kaºµak±passayaseyy±d²hiattab±dhanehi dukkh±vaho. Majjhim± paµipad±ti ariyamagga½ sandh±ya vutta½. Maggohi k±masukhallik±nuyogo eko anto, attakilamath±nuyogo eko anto, ete dveante na upeti na upagacchati, vimutto etehi antehi, tasm± “majjhim± paµipad±”tivuccati. Etesa½ majjhe bhavatt± majjhim±, vaµµadukkhanissaraºatthikehi paµipajjitabbatoca paµipad±ti, tath± lobho eko anto, doso eko anto. Sassata½ eka½ anta½, ucchedoeko antoti purimanayeneva vitth±retabba½.
Cakkhukaraº²ti-±d²hi tameva paµipada½ thometi. Paññ±cakkhu½ karot²ti cakkhukaraº².S± hi catunna½ sacc±na½ dassan±ya sa½vattati pariññ±bhisamay±dibhedassa dassanassa pavattanaµµhen±ti“cakkhukaraº²”ti vuccati. Tayida½ satipi paµipad±ya anaññatte avayavavasena sijjham±noattho samud±yena kato n±ma hot²ti upac±ravasena vuttanti daµµhabba½. Dutiyapada½ tassevavevacana½. Upasam±y±ti kilesupasamatth±ya. Abhiññ±y±ti catunna½ sacc±na½abhij±nanatth±ya. Sambodh±y±ti tesa½yeva sambujjhanatth±ya. Nibb±n±y±ti nibb±nasacchikiriy±ya.Atha v± nibb±n±y±ti anup±disesanibb±n±ya. “Upasam±y±”ti hi imin± sa-up±disesanibb±na½gahita½.
Id±ni ta½ majjhimappaµipada½ sar³pato dassetuk±mo “katam± ca s±”tipucchitv± “ayamev±”ti-±din± nayena vissajjesi. Tattha ayamev±ti avadh±raºavacana½aññassa nibb±nag±mimaggassa atthibh±vapaµisedhanattha½. Satt±paµikkhepo hi idha paµisedhana½alabbham±natt± aññassa maggassa. Ariyoti kiles±na½ ±rakatt± ariyo niruttinayena.Aripah±n±ya sa½vattat²tipi ariyo arayo p±padhamm± yanti apagacchanti eten±ti katv±.Ariyena bhagavat± desitatt± ariyassa ayantipi ariyo, ariyabh±vappaµil±bh±ya sa½vattat²tipiariyo. Ettha pana ariyakaro ariyotipi uttarapadalopena ariya-saddasiddhi veditabb±.Aµµhahi aªgehi upetatt± aµµhaªgiko. Maggaªgasamud±ye hi maggavoh±ro, samud±yo ca samud±y²hisamann±gato n±ma hoti. Aya½ panettha vacanattho– attano avayavabh³t±ni aµµhaªg±ni etassasant²ti aµµhaªgikoti. Paramatthato pana aªg±niyeva maggo pañcaªgikat³riy±d²ni viya, naca aªgavinimutto cha¼aªgo vedo viya. Kilese m±rento gacchat²ti maggo niruttinayena,nibb±na½ maggati gavesat²ti v± maggo. Ariyamaggo hi nibb±na½ ±rammaºa½ karontogavesanto viya hoti. Nibb±natthikehi magg²yat²ti v± maggo vivaµµ³panissayapuññakaraºato paµµh±ya tadatthapaµipattito. Gammati v± tehi paµipajj²yat²ti maggo. Ettha pana ±di-antavipariy±yenasaddasiddhi veditabb±.
Seyyathidanti nip±to, tassa katamo so iti ceti attho, katam±ni v± t±ni aµµhaªg±n²ti.Sabbaliªgavibhattivacanas±dh±raºo hi aya½ nip±to. Ekamekampi aªga½ maggoyeva. Yath±ha“samm±diµµhi maggo ceva hetu c±”ti (dha. sa. 1039). Por±º±pi bhaºanti “dassanamaggosamm±diµµhi, abhiniropanamaggo samm±saªkappo…pe… avikkhepamaggo samm±sam±dh²”ti.Nanu ca aªg±ni samudit±ni maggo antamaso sattaªgavikalassa ariyamaggassa abh±vatoti?Saccameta½ saccasampaµivedhe, maggappaccayat±ya pana yath±saka½ kiccakaraºena paccekampit±ni maggoyeva, aññath± samudit±nampi tesa½ maggakicca½ na sambhaveyy±ti. Samm±diµµhi-±d²susamm± passat²ti samm±diµµhi, samm± saªkappeti sampayuttadhamme nibb±nasaªkh±te±rammaºe abhiniropet²ti samm±saªkappo, samm± vadati et±y±ti samm±v±c±, samm±karoti eten±ti samm±kamma½, tadeva samm±kammanto, samm± ±j²vati eten±tisamm±-±j²vo, samm± v±yamati ussahat²ti samm±v±y±mo, samm± sarati anussarat²tisamm±sati, samm± sam±dhiyati citta½ eten±ti samm±sam±dh²ti eva½ nibbacana½veditabba½. Id±ni aya½ kho s± bhikkhaveti tameva paµipada½ nigamento ±ha. Tassattho–yv±ya½ catt±ropi lokuttaramagge ekato katv± kathito aµµhaªgiko maggo, aya½ khos± bhikkhave…pe… nibb±n±ya sa½vattat²ti.
14. Eva½ majjhimapaµipada½ sar³pato dassetv± id±ni catt±ri ariyasacc±ni dassetu½“ida½ kho pana, bhikkhave”ti-±dim±ha. Tattha (visuddhi. 2.530) dukkhanti etthadu-iti aya½ saddo kucchite dissati. Kucchitañhi putta½ “duputto”ti vadanti,kha½-saddo pana tucche. Tucchañhi ±k±sa½ “khan”ti vuccati. Idañca paµhamasacca½kucchita½ aneka-upaddav±dhiµµh±nato, tuccha½ b±lajanaparikappitadhuvasubhasukhattabh±vavirahitato,tasm± kucchitatt± tucchatt± ca “dukkhan”ti vuccati. Yasm± paneta½ buddh±dayo ariy±paµivijjhanti, tasm± “ariyasaccan”ti vuccati. Ariyapaµivijjhitabbañhi sacca½purimapade uttarapadalopena “ariyasaccan”ti vutta½. Ariyassa tath±gatassa saccantipiariyasacca½. Tath±gatena hi saya½ adhigatatt± paveditatt± tato eva ca aññehi adhigaman²yatt±ta½ tassa hot²ti. Atha v± etassa abhisambuddhatt± ariyabh±vasiddhito ariyas±dhaka½ saccantipiariyasacca½ pubbe viya uttarapadalopena Avitathabh±vena v± araº²yatt± adhigantabbatt±ariya½ saccantipi ariyasacca½. Saccattha½ pana catunnampi sacc±na½ parato ekajjha½ dassayiss±ma.
Id±ni ta½ dukkha½ ariyasacca½ sar³pato dassetu½ “j±tipi dukkh±”ti-±dim±ha.Tatr±ya½ j±ti-saddo anekattho. Tath± hesa “ekampi j±ti½ dvepi j±tiyo”ti (d².ni. 1.31; ma. ni. 1.148) ettha bhave ±gato. “Atthi, vis±khe, nigaºµh± n±ma samaºaj±t²”ti(a. ni. 3.71) ettha nik±ye. “J±ti dv²hi khandhehi saªgahit±”ti (dh±tu.71) ettha saªkhatalakkhaºe. “Ya½ m±tukucchismi½ paµhama½ citta½ uppanna½paµhama½ viññ±ºa½ p±tubh³ta½, tadup±d±ya s±vassa j±t²”ti (mah±va. 124) ettha paµisandhiya½.“Sampatij±to, ±nanda, bodhisatto”ti (d². ni. 2.31; ma. ni. 3.207) etthapas³tiya½. “Akkhitto anupakuµµho j±tiv±den±”ti (d². ni. 1.303) etthakule. Sv±yamidha gabbhaseyyak±na½ paµisandhito paµµh±ya y±va m±tukucchimh± nikkhamana½,t±va pavattesu khandhesu, itaresa½ paµisandhikkhaºesvev±ti daµµhabbo. Ayampi ca pariy±yakath±va,nippariy±yato pana tattha tattha nibbattam±n±na½ satt±na½ ye khandh± p±tubhavanti, tesa½paµhamap±tubh±vo j±ti n±ma.
Kasm± panes± dukkh±ti ce? Anekesa½ dukkh±na½ vatthubh±vato. Anek±ni hi dukkh±ni.Seyyathida½– dukkhadukkha½ vipariº±madukkha½ saªkh±radukkha½ paµicchannadukkha½ appaµicchannadukkha½pariy±yadukkha½ nippariy±yadukkhanti. Tattha k±yikacetasik± dukkh± vedan± sabh±vatoca n±mato ca dukkhatt± dukkhadukkhanti vuccati. Sukh± vedan± vipariº±madukkhuppattihetutovipariº±madukkha½. Upekkh± vedan± ceva ses± ca tebh³mak± saªkh±r± udayabbayap²¼itatt±saªkh±radukkha½. Kaººas³ladantas³lar±gajapari¼±hadosajapari¼±h±dik±yikacetasik±±b±dh± pucchitv± j±nitabbato upakkamassa ca ap±kaµabh±vato paµicchannadukkha½. Dvatti½sakammak±raº±disamuµµh±no±b±dho apucchitv±va j±nitabbato upakkamassa ca p±kaµabh±vato appaµicchannadukkha½.Ýhapetv± dukkhadukkha½ sesadukkha½ saccavibhaªge ±gata½ j±ti-±di sabbampi tassa tassa dukkhassavatthubh±vato pariy±yadukkha½. Dukkhadukkha½ pana nippariy±yadukkhanti vuccati.Tatr±ya½ j±ti ya½ ta½ b±lapaº¹itasutt±d²su (ma. ni. 3.246 ±dayo) bhagavat±pi upam±vasenapak±sita½ ±p±yika½ dukkha½, yañca sugatiyampi manussaloke gabbhokkantim³lak±dibheda½dukkha½ uppajjati, tassa vatthubh±vato dukkh±. Ten±hu por±º±–
“J±yetha no ce narakesu satto;
tatthaggid±h±dikamappasayha½;
labhetha dukkha½ na kuhi½ patiµµha½;
icc±ha dukkh±ti mun²dha j±ti½.
“Dukkha½ tiracchesu kas±patoda-
daº¹±bhigh±t±dibhava½ aneka½;
ya½ ta½ katha½ tattha bhaveyya j±ti½;
vin± tahi½ j±ti tatopi dukkh±.
“Petesu dukkha½ pana khuppip±s±-
v±t±tap±dippabhava½ vicitta½;
yasm± aj±tassa na tattha atthi;
tasm±pi dukkha½ muni j±tim±ha.
“Tibbandhak±re ca asayha s²te;
lokantare ya½ asuresu dukkha½;
na ta½ bhave tattha na cassa j±ti;
yato aya½ j±ti tatopi dukkh±.
“Yañc±pi g³thanarake viya m±tu gabbhe;
satto vasa½ ciramato bahi nikkhamañca;
pappoti dukkhamatighoramidampi natthi;
j±ti½ vin± itipi j±ti ayañhi dukkh±.
“Ki½ bh±sitena bahun± nanu ya½ kuhiñci;
atth²dha kiñcidapi dukkhamida½ kad±ci;
nevatthi j±tivirahena yato mahesi;
dukkh±ti sabbapaµhama½ imam±ha j±tin”ti. (Visuddhi. 2.541; vibha. aµµha. 191; mah±ni.aµµha. 5; paµi. ma. aµµha. 1.1.32-33).
Jar±pi dukkh±ti ettha pana duvidh± jar± saªkhatalakkhaºañca khaº¹icc±disammato santatiya½ekabhavapariy±pannakkhandhapur±ºabh±vo ca, s± idha adhippet±. S± panes± jar± saªkh±radukkhabh±vatoceva dukkhavatthuto ca dukkh±. Yañhi aªgapaccaªgasithilabh±va-indriyavik±ravir³pat±yobbanavin±sav²riy±vis±dasatimativippav±saparaparibhav±di-anekapaccaya½k±yikacetasika½ dukkhamuppajjati, jar± tassa vatthu. Ten±hu por±º±–
 “Aªg±na½ sithil²bh±v±, indriy±na½ vik±rato;
yobbanassa vin±sena, balassa upagh±tato.
“Vippav±s± sat±d²na½, puttad±rehi attano;
appas±dan²yato ceva, bhiyyo b±lattapattiy±.
“Pappoti dukkha½ ya½ macco, k±yika½ m±nasa½ tath±;
sabbameta½ jar±hetu, yasm± tasm± jar± dukh±”ti. (Visuddhi. 2.542; vibha.aµµha. 192; mah±ni. aµµha. 5; paµi. ma. aµµha. 1.1.32-33).