“C±tuddiso appaµigho ca hoti,
santussam±no itar²taren±”ti. (Su. ni. 42; c³¼ani. khaggavis±ºasuttaniddesa 128) evam±di.

Kataññut± n±ma appassa v± bahussa v± yena kenaci katassa upak±rassa punappuna½ anussaraºabh±vena j±nanat±. Apica nerayik±didukkhaparitt±ºato puññ±ni eva p±º²na½ bah³pak±r±ni, tato tesampi upak±r±nussaraºat± “kataññut±”ti veditabb±. S± sappurisehi pasa½san²yat±din±nappak±ravises±dhigamahetuto “maªgalan”ti vutt±. ¾ha ca– “dveme, bhikkhave, puggal± dullabh± lokasmi½. Katame dve? Yo ca pubbak±r², yo ca kataññ³ kataved²”ti (a. ni. 2.120).

K±lena dhammassavana½ n±ma yasmi½ k±le uddhaccasahagata½ citta½ hoti, k±mavitakk±d²na½ v± aññatarena abhibh³ta½, tasmi½ k±le tesa½ vinodanattha½ dhammassavana½. Apare ±hu– pañcame pañcame divase dhammassavana½ k±lena dhammassavana½ n±ma. Yath±ha ±yasm± anuruddho “pañc±hika½ kho pana maya½, bhante, sabbaratti½ dhammiy± kath±ya sannis²d±m±”ti (ma. ni. 1.327; mah±va. 466).

Apica yasmi½ k±le kaly±ºamitte upasaªkamitv± sakk± hoti attano kaªkh±paµivinodaka½ dhamma½ sotu½, tasmi½ k±lepi dhammassavana½ “k±lena dhammassavanan”ti veditabba½. Yath±ha– “te k±lena k±la½ upasaªkamitv± paripucchati paripañhat²”ti-±di (d². ni. 3.358). Tadeta½ k±lena dhammassavana½ n²varaºappah±nacatur±nisa½sa-±savakkhay±din±nappak±ravises±dhigamahetuto “maªgalan”ti veditabba½. Vuttañheta½–

“Yasmi½, bhikkhave, samaye ariyas±vako aµµhi½ katv± manasi katv± sabba½ cetaso samann±haritv± ohitasoto dhamma½ suº±ti, pañcassa n²varaº±ni tasmi½ samaye na hont²”ti (sa½. ni. 5.219) ca.
“Sot±nugat±na½, bhikkhave, dhamm±na½…pe… suppaµividdh±na½ catt±ro ±nisa½s± p±µikaªkh±”ti (a. ni. 4.191) ca.
“Catt±rome, bhikkhave, dhamm± k±lena k±la½ samm± bh±viyam±n± samm± anuparivattiyam±n± anupubbena ±sav±na½ khaya½ p±penti. Katame catt±ro? K±lena dhammassavanan”ti ca evam±d²ni (a. ni. 4.147).

Eva½ imiss± g±th±ya g±ravo, niv±to, santuµµhi, kataññut±, k±lena dhammassavananti pañca maªgal±ni vutt±ni, maªgalattañca nesa½ tattha tattha vibh±vitamev±ti.

Niµµhit± g±ravo ca niv±to c±ti imiss± g±th±ya atthavaººan±.

269. Id±ni khant² c±ti ettha khamana½ khanti. Padakkhiºagg±hit±ya sukha½ vaco asminti suvaco, suvacassa kamma½ sovacassa½, sovacassassa bh±vo sovacassat±. Kiles±na½ samitatt± samaº±. Dassananti pekkhana½. Dhammassa s±kacch± dhammas±kacch±. Sesa½ vuttanayamev±ti aya½ padavaººan±.

Atthavaººan± pana eva½ veditabb± khanti n±ma adhiv±sanakkhanti, y±ya samann±gato bhikkhu dasahi akkosavatth³hi akkosante, vadhabandh±d²hi v± vihi½sante puggale asuºanto viya ca apassanto viya ca nibbik±ro hoti khantiv±d² viya. Yath±ha–

“Ah³ at²tamaddh±na½, samaºo khantid²pano;
ta½ khantiy±yeva µhita½, k±sir±j± acheday²”ti. (J±. 1.4.51).

Bhaddakato v± manasi karoti tato uttari apar±dh±bh±vena ±yasm± puººatthero viya. Yath±ha–

“Sace ma½, bhante, sun±parantak± manuss± akkosissanti paribh±sissanti, tattha me eva½ bhavissati ‘bhaddak± vatime sun±parantak± manuss±, subhaddak± vatime sun±parantak± manuss±, ya½ me nayime p±ºin± pah±ra½ dent²”’ti-±di (ma. ni. 3.396; sa½. ni. 4.88).

Y±ya ca samann±gato is²nampi pasa½san²yo hoti. Yath±ha sarabhaªgo isi–

“Kodha½ vadhitv± na kad±ci socati,
makkhappah±na½ isayo vaººayanti;
sabbesa½ vutta½ pharusa½ khametha,
eta½ khanti½ uttamam±hu santo”ti. (J±. 2.17.64).

Devat±nampi pasa½san²yo hoti. Yath±ha sakko dev±namindo–

“Yo have balav± santo, dubbalassa titikkhati;
tam±hu parama½ khanti½, nicca½ khamati dubbalo”ti. (Sa½. ni. 1.250-251).

Buddh±nampi pasa½san²yo hoti. Yath±ha bhagav±–

“Akkosa½ vadhabandhañca, aduµµho yo titikkhati;
khant²bala½ bal±n²ka½, tamaha½ br³mi br±hmaºan”ti. (Dha. pa. 399).

S± panes± khanti etesañca idha vaººit±na½ aññesañca guº±na½ adhigamahetuto “maªgalan”ti veditabb±.

Sovacassat± n±ma sahadhammika½ vuccam±ne vikkhepa½ v± tuºh²bh±va½ v± guºadosacintana½ v± an±pajjitv± ativiya ±darañca g±ravañca n²camanatañca purakkhatv± “s±dh³”ti vacanakaraºat±. S± sabrahmac±r²na½ santik± ov±d±nus±san²paµil±bhahetuto dosappah±naguº±dhigamahetuto ca “maªgalan”ti vuccati.

Samaº±na½ dassana½ n±ma upasamitakiles±na½ bh±vitak±yavac²cittapaññ±na½ uttamadamathasamathasamann±gat±na½ pabbajit±na½ upasaªkamanupaµµh±na-anussaraºasavanadassana½, sabbampi omakadesan±ya “dassanan”ti vutta½. Ta½ “maªgalan”ti veditabba½. Kasm±? Bah³pak±ratt±. ¾ha ca– “dassanampaha½, bhikkhave, tesa½ bhikkh³na½ bah³pak±ra½ vad±m²”ti-±di (itivu. 104). Yato hitak±mena kulaputtena s²lavante bhikkh³ gharadv±ra½ sampatte disv± yadi deyyadhammo atthi, yath±bala½ deyyadhammena patim±netabb±. Yadi natthi, pañcapatiµµhita½ katv± vanditabb±. Tasmi½ asampajjam±ne añjali½ paggahetv± namassitabb±, tasmimpi asampajjam±ne pasannacittena piyacakkh³hi sampassitabb±. Eva½ dassanam³laken±pi hi puññena anek±ni j±tisahass±ni cakkhumhi rogo v± d±ho v± ussad± v± pi¼ak± v± na honti, vippasannapañcavaººasassirik±ni honti cakkh³ni ratanavim±ne uggh±µitamaºikav±µasadis±ni satasahassakappamatta½ devesu ca manussesu ca sabbasampatt²na½ l±bh² hoti. Anacchariyañceta½, ya½ manussabh³to sappaññaj±tiko samm± pavattitena samaºadassanamayena puññena evar³pa½ vip±kasampatti½ anubhaveyya, yattha tiracch±nagat±nampi kevala½ saddh±mattakajanitassa samaºadassanassa eva½ vip±kasampatti½ vaººayanti–

“Ul³ko maº¹alakkhiko,
vediyake cirad²ghav±siko;
sukhito vata kosiyo aya½,
k±luµµhita½ passati buddhavara½.
“Mayi citta½ pas±detv±, bhikkhusaªghe anuttare;
kapp±na½ satasahass±ni, duggati½ so na gacchati.
“Devalok± cavitv±na, kusalakammena codito;
bhavissati anantañ±ºo, somanassoti vissuto”ti. (Ma. ni. aµµha. 1.144; khu. p±. aµµha. 5.10).

K±lena dhammas±kacch± n±ma padose v± pacc³se v± dve suttantik± bhikkh³ aññamañña½ suttanta½ s±kacchanti, vinayadhar± vinaya½, ±bhidhammik± abhidhamma½ j±takabh±ºak± j±taka½, aµµhakathik± aµµhakatha½, l²nuddhatavicikicch±paretacittavisodhanattha½ v± tamhi tamhi k±le s±kacchanti, aya½ k±lena dhammas±kacch±. S± ±gamabyatti-±d²na½ guº±na½ hetuto “maªgalan”ti vuccat²ti.

Eva½ imiss± g±th±ya khanti, sovacassat±, samaºadassana½, k±lena dhammas±kacch±ti catt±ri maªgal±ni vutt±ni, maªgalattañca nesa½ tattha tattha vibh±vitamev±ti.

Niµµhit± khant² c±ti imiss± g±th±ya atthavaººan±.

270. Id±ni tapo c±ti ettha p±pake akusale dhamme tapat²ti tapo. Brahma½ cariya½, brahm±na½ v± cariya½ brahmacariya½, seµµhacariyanti vutta½ hoti. Ariyasacc±na½ dassana½ ariyasacc±na dassana½. Ariyasacc±ni dassanantipi eke, ta½ na sundara½. Nikkhanta½ v±natoti nibb±na½, sacchikaraºa½ sacchikiriy±, nibb±nassa sacchikiriy± nibb±nasacchikiriy±. Sesa½ vuttanayamev±ti aya½ padavaººan±.

Atthavaººan± pana eva½ veditabb±– tapo n±ma abhijjh±domanass±d²na½ tapanato indriyasa½varo, kosajjassa v± tapanato v²riya½. Tena hi samann±gato puggalo ±t±p²ti vuccati. Sv±ya½ abhijjh±dippah±najh±n±dipaµil±bhahetuto “maªgalan”ti veditabbo.

Brahmacariya½ n±ma methunaviratisamaºadhammas±sanamagg±na½ adhivacana½. Tath± hi “abrahmacariya½ pah±ya brahmac±r² hot²”ti (d². ni. 1.194; ma. ni. 1.292) evam±d²su methunavirati brahmacariyanti vuccati. “Bhagavati no, ±vuso, brahmacariya½ vussat²”ti evam±d²su (ma. ni. 1.257) samaºadhammo. “Na t±v±ha½, p±pima, parinibb±yiss±mi, y±va me ida½ brahmacariya½ na iddhañceva bhavissati ph²tañca vitth±rika½ b±hujaññan”ti evam±d²su (d². ni. 2.168; sa½. ni. 5.822; ud±. 51) s±sana½. “Ayameva kho, bhikkhu, ariyo aµµhaªgiko maggo brahmacariya½. Seyyathida½, samm±diµµh²”ti evam±d²su (sa½. ni. 5.6) maggo. Idha pana ariyasaccadassanena parato maggassa gahitatt± avasesa½ sabbampi vaµµati. Tañceta½ upar³pari n±nappak±ravises±dhigamahetuto “maªgalan”ti veditabba½.

Ariyasacc±na dassana½ n±ma kum±rapañhe vuttatth±na½ catunna½ ariyasacc±na½ abhisamayavasena maggadassana½. Ta½ sa½s±radukkhav²tikkamahetuto “maªgalan”ti vuccati.

Nibb±nasacchikiriy± n±ma idha arahattaphala½ “nibb±nan”ti adhippeta½. Tampi hi pañcagativ±nanena v±nasaññit±ya taºh±ya nikkhantatt± “nibb±nan”ti vuccati. Tassa patti v± paccavekkhaº± v± “sacchikiriy±”ti vuccati. Itarassa pana nibb±nassa ariyasacc±na½ dassaneneva sacchikiriy± siddh±, teneta½ idha na adhippeta½. Evames± nibb±nasacchikiriy± diµµhadhammasukhavih±r±dihetuto “maªgalan”ti veditabb±.

Eva½ imiss±pi g±th±ya tapo, brahmacariya½, ariyasacc±na dassana½, nibb±nasacchikiriy±ti catt±ri maªgal±ni vutt±ni, maªgalattañca nesa½ tattha tattha vibh±vitamev±ti.

Niµµhit± tapo c±ti imiss± g±th±ya atthavaººan±.

271. Id±ni phuµµhassa lokadhammeh²ti ettha phuµµhass±ti phusitassa chupitassa sampattassa. Loke dhamm± lokadhamm±, y±va lokappavatti, t±va anivattak± dhamm±ti vutta½ hoti. Cittanti mano m±nasa½. Yass±ti navassa v± majjhimassa v± therassa v±. Na kampat²ti na calati, na vedhati. Asokanti nissoka½ abb³¼hasokasalla½. Virajanti vigataraja½ viddha½sitaraja½. Khemanti abhaya½ nirupaddava½. Sesa½ vuttanayamev±ti aya½ t±va padavaººan±.

Atthavaººan± pana eva½ veditabb±– phuµµhassa lokadhammehi yassa citta½ na kampati, yassa l±bh±l±bh±d²hi aµµhahi lokadhammehi phuµµhassa ajjhotthaµassa citta½ na kampati, na calati, na vedhati, tassa ta½ citta½ kenaci akampan²yalokuttarabh±v±vahanato “maªgalan”ti veditabba½.

Kassa pana etehi phuµµhassa citta½ na kampati? Arahato kh²º±savassa, na aññassa kassaci. Vuttañheta½–

“Selo yath± ekagghano, v±tena na sam²rati;
eva½ r³p± ras± sadd±, gandh± phass± ca keval±.
“Iµµh± dhamm± aniµµh± ca, na pavedhenti t±dino;
µhita½ citta½ vippamutta½, vayañcass±nupassat²”ti. (A. ni. 6.55; mah±va. 244).

Asoka½ n±ma kh²º±savasseva citta½. Tañhi yo “soko socan± socitatta½ antosoko antoparisoko cetaso parinijjh±yitattan”ti-±din± (vibha. 237) nayena vuccati soko, tassa abh±vato asoka½. Keci nibb±na½ vadanti, ta½ purimapadena n±nusandhiyati. Yath± ca asoka½, eva½ viraja½ khemantipi kh²º±savasseva citta½. Tañhi r±gadosamoharaj±na½ vigatatt± viraja½, cat³hi ca yogehi khematt± khema½. Yato eta½ tena ten±k±rena tamhi tamhi pavattikkhaºe gahetv± niddiµµhavasena tividhampi appavattakkhandhat±dilokuttamabh±v±vahanato ±huneyy±dibh±v±vahanato ca “maªgalan”ti veditabba½.

Eva½ imiss± g±th±ya aµµhalokadhammehi akampitacitta½, asokacitta½, virajacitta½, khemacittanti catt±ri maªgal±ni vutt±ni, maªgalattañca nesa½ tattha tattha vibh±vitamev±ti.

Niµµhit± phuµµhassa lokadhammeh²ti imiss± g±th±ya atthavaººan±.

272. Eva½ bhagav± “asevan± ca b±l±nan”ti-±d²hi dasahi g±th±hi aµµhati½sa maªgal±ni kathetv± id±ni et±neva attan± vuttamaªgal±ni thunanto “et±dis±ni katv±n±”ti ima½ avas±nag±thamabh±si.

Tass±ya½ atthavaººan±– et±dis±n²ti et±ni ²dis±ni may± vuttappak±r±ni b±l±na½ asevan±d²ni. Katv±n±ti katv±. Katv±na katv± karitv±ti hi atthato anañña½. Sabbatthamapar±jit±ti sabbattha khandhakiles±bhisaªkh±radevaputtam±rappabhedesu cat³su paccatthikesu ekenapi apar±jit± hutv±, sayameva te catt±ro m±re par±jetv±ti vutta½ hoti. Mak±ro cettha padasandhikaraºamattoti viññ±tabbo.

Sabbattha sotthi½ gacchant²ti et±dis±ni maªgal±ni katv± cat³hi m±rehi apar±jit± hutv± sabbattha idhalokaparalokesu µh±nacaªkaman±d²su ca sotthi½ gacchanti, b±lasevan±d²hi ye uppajjeyyu½ ±sav± vigh±tapari¼±h± tesa½ abh±v± sotthi½ gacchanti, anupaddut± anupasaµµh± khemino appaµibhay± gacchant²ti vutta½ hoti. Anun±siko cettha g±th±bandhasukhattha½ vuttoti veditabbo.

Ta½ tesa½ maªgalamuttamanti imin± g±th±p±dena bhagav± desana½ niµµh±pesi. Katha½? Eva½ devaputta ye et±dis±ni karonti, te yasm± sabbattha sotthi½ gacchanti, tasm± ta½ b±l±na½ asevan±di aµµhati½savidhampi tesa½ et±disak±rak±na½ maªgala½ uttama½ seµµha½ pavaranti gaºh±h²ti.

Evañca bhagavat± niµµh±pit±ya desan±ya pariyos±ne koµisatasahassadevat± arahatta½ p±puºi½su, sot±pattisakad±g±mi-an±g±miphalappatt±na½ gaºan± asaªkhyeyy± ahosi. Atha bhagav± dutiyadivase ±nandatthera½ ±mantesi– “ima½, ±nanda, ratti½ aññatar± devat± ma½ upasaªkamitv± maªgalapañha½ pucchi. Athass±ha½ aµµhati½sa maªgal±ni abh±si½, uggaºha, ±nanda, ima½ maªgalapariy±ya½, uggahetv± bhikkh³ v±ceh²”ti. Thero uggahetv± bhikkh³ v±cesi. Tayida½ ±cariyaparampar±bhata½ y±vajjatan± pavattati, evamida½ brahmacariya½ iddhañceva ph²tañca vitth±rika½ b±hujañña½ puthubh³ta½ y±va devamanussehi suppak±sitanti veditabba½.

Id±ni etesveva maªgalesu ñ±ºaparicayap±µavattha½ aya½ ±dito pabhuti yojan±– evamime idhalokaparalokalokuttarasukhak±m± satt± b±lajanasevana½ pah±ya, paº¹ite niss±ya, p³janeyye p³jent±, patir³padesav±sena pubbe katapuññat±ya ca kusalappavattiya½ codiyam±n±, att±na½ samm± paºidh±ya, b±husaccasippavinayehi alaªkatattabh±v±, vinay±nur³pa½ subh±sita½ bh±sam±n± y±va gihibh±va½ na vijahanti, t±va m±t±pitu-upaµµh±nena por±ºa½ iºam³la½ visodhayam±n±, puttad±rasaªgahena nava½ iºam³la½ payojayam±n±, an±kulakammantat±ya dhanadhaññ±disamiddhi½ p±puºant±, d±nena bhogas±ra½ dhammacariy±ya j²vitas±rañca gahetv±, ñ±tisaªgahena sakajanahita½ anavajjakammantat±ya parajanahitañca karont±, p±paviratiy± par³pagh±ta½ majjap±nasa½yamena att³pagh±tañca vivajjetv±, dhammesu appam±dena kusalapakkha½ va¹¹hetv±, va¹¹hitakusalat±ya gihibyañjana½ oh±ya pabbajitabh±ve µhit±pi buddhabuddhas±vakupajjh±cariy±d²su g±ravena niv±tena ca vattasampada½ ±r±dhetv±, santuµµhiy± paccayagedha½ pah±ya, kataññut±ya sappurisabh³miya½ µhatv±, dhammassavanena cittal²nata½ pah±ya, khantiy± sabbaparissaye abhibhavitv±, sovacassat±ya san±thamatt±na½ katv±, samaºadassanena paµipattipayoga½ passant±, dhammas±kacch±ya kaªkh±µµh±niyesu dhammesu kaªkha½ paµivinodetv±, indriyasa½varatapena s²lavisuddhi½ samaºadhammabrahmacariyena cittavisuddhi½ tato par± ca catasso visuddhiyo samp±dent±, im±ya paµipad±ya ariyasaccadassanapariy±ya½ ñ±ºadassanavisuddhi½ patv± arahattaphalasaªkh±ta½ nibb±na½ sacchikaronti. Ya½ sacchikatv± sinerupabbato viya v±tavuµµh²hi aµµhahi lokadhammehi avikampam±nacitt± asok± viraj± khemino honti. Ye ca khemino, te sabbattha eken±pi apar±jit± honti, sabbattha ca sotthi½ gacchanti. Ten±ha bhagav±–

“Et±dis±ni katv±na, sabbatthamapar±jit±;
sabbattha sotthi½ gacchanti, ta½ tesa½ maªgalamuttaman”ti.

Iti paramatthajotik±ya khuddaka-aµµhakath±ya

Suttanip±ta-aµµhakath±ya maªgalasuttavaººan± niµµhit±.