“D±nañca peyyavajjañca, atthacariy± ca y± idha;
sam±nattat± ca dhammesu, tattha tattha yath±raha½;
ete kho saªgah± loke, rathass±º²va y±yato.
Ete ca saªgah± n±ssu, na m±t± puttak±raº±;
labhetha m±na½ p³ja½ v±, pit± v± puttak±raº±.
Yasm± ca saªgah± ete, samapekkhanti paº¹it±;
tasm± mahatta½ papponti, p±sa½s± ca bhavanti te”ti. (D². ni. 3.273).

Rañjanatoti p²tisomanassavasena rañjanato, na r±gavasena, p²tisomanass±na½ jananatoti vutta½ hoti. Cat³hi saªgahavatth³hi rañjanaµµhena r±j±ti pana sabbesa½ r±j³na½ samaññ± tath± akaront±nampi vil²vab²jan±d²su t±lavaºµavoh±ro viya ru¼hivasena pavattito, tasm± “acchariyadhammeh²”ti as±dh±raºanibbacana½ vuttanti daµµhabba½.

Saddas±matthiyato anekadh± cakkavatt²saddassa vacanattha½ dassento padh±nabh³ta½ vacanattha½ paµhama½ dassetu½ “cakkaratanan”ti-±dim±ha. Idameva hi padh±na½ cakkaratanassa pavattanamantarena cakkavattibh±v±n±pattito. Tath± hi aµµhakath±su vutta½ “kitt±vat± cakkavatt² hot²ti? Ekaªguladvaªgulamattampi cakkaratane ±k±sa½ abbhuggantv± pavatte”ti (d². ni. aµµha. 2.243; ma. ni. aµµha. 3.256). Yasm± pana r±j± cakkavatt² eka½sa½ uttar±saªga½ karitv± v±mahatthena hatthisoº¹asadisapan±¼i½ suvaººabhiªk±ra½ ukkhipitv± dakkhiºahatthena cakkaratana½ udakena abbhukkiritv± “pavattatu bhava½ cakkaratana½, abhivijin±tu bhava½ cakkaratanan”ti (d². ni. 2.244) vacanena cakkaratana½ veh±sa½ abbhuggantv± pavattesi, tasm± t±disa½ pavatt±pana½ sandh±ya “cakkaratana½ vattet²”ti vutta½. Yath±ha “atha kho ±nanda r±j± mah±sudassano uµµh±y±san±…pe… cakkaratana½ abbhukkiri ‘pavattatu bhava½ cakkaratanan’ti”±di (d². ni. 2.244). Na kevalañca cakkasaddo cakkarataneyeva vattati atha kho sampatticakk±d²supi, tasm± ta½tadatthav±cakasaddas±matthiyatopi vacanattha½ dasseti “sampatticakkeh²”ti-±din±. Tattha sampatticakkeh²ti–

“Patir³pe vase dese, ariyamittakaro siy±;
samm±paºidhisampanno, pubbe puññakato naro;
dhañña½ dhana½ yaso kitti, sukhañceta½dhivattat²”ti. (A. ni. 4.31)–

Vuttehi patir³padesav±s±disampatticakkehi. Vattat²ti pavattati sampajjati, upar³pari kusaladhamma½ v± paµipajjati. Teh²ti sampatticakkehi. Paranti sattanik±ya½, yath± saya½saddo suddhakattutthassa jotako, tath± para½saddopi hetukattutthass±ti veditabba½. Vattet²ti pavatteti samp±deti, upar³pari kusaladhamma½ v± paµipajj±peti. Yath±ha–

“R±j± mah±sudassano evam±ha ‘p±ºo na hantabbo, adinna½ na ±d±tabba½, k±mesu micch± na caritabb±, mus± na bhaºitabb±, majja½ na p±tabba½, yath±bhuttañca bhuñjath±’ti. Ye kho pan±nanda puratthim±ya dis±ya paµir±j±no, te rañño mah±sudassanassa anuyant± ahesun”ti-±di (d². ni. 2.244).

Iriy±pathacakk±nanti iriy±pathabh³t±na½ cakk±na½. Iriy±pathopi hi “cakkan”ti vuccati “catucakka½ navadv±ran”ti-±d²su (sa½. ni. 1.29, 109). Yath±ha–

“Rathaªge lakkhaºe dhammo-racakkesviriy±pathe;
cakka½ sampattiya½ cakka-ratane maº¹ale bale;
kul±labhaº¹e ±º±ya-m±yudhe d±nar±sis³”ti.

Vattoti pavattana½ uppajjana½, imin±va iriy±pathacakka½ vatteti parahit±ya upp±det²ti nibbacanampi dasseti atthato sam±natt±. Tath± c±ha–

“Atha kho ta½ ±nanda cakkaratana½ puratthima½ disa½ pavatti, anvadeva r±j± mah±sudassano saddhi½ caturaªginiy± sen±ya. Yasmi½ kho pan±nanda, padese cakkaratana½ patiµµh±si, tattha r±j± mah±sudassano v±sa½ upagacchi saddhi½ caturaªginiy± sen±y±”ti-±di (d². ni. 2.244).

Aya½ aµµhakath±to aparo nayo– appaµihata½ ±º±saªkh±ta½ cakka½ vattet²ti cakkavatt². Tath± hi vutta½–

“Pañcahi bhikkhave dhammehi samann±gato r±j± cakkavatt² dhammeneva cakka½ vatteti, ta½ hoti cakka½ appaµivattiya½ kenaci manussabh³tena paccatthikena p±ºin±. Katamehi pañcahi? Idha bhikkhave r±j± cakkavatt² atthaññ³ ca hoti, dhammaññ³ ca mattaññ³, ca k±laññ³ ca parisaññ³ ca. Imehi kho…pe… p±ºin±”ti-±di (a. ni. 5.131).

Khattiyamaº¹al±disaññita½ cakka½ sam³ha½ attano vase vatteti anuvattet²tipi cakkavatt². Vuttañhi “ye kho pan±nanda puratthim±ya dis±ya paµir±j±no, te rañño mah±sudassanassa anuyant± ahesun”ti-±di (d². ni. 2.244). Cakkalakkhaºa½ vattati etass±tipi cakkavatt². Ten±ha “imassa deva kum±rassa heµµh± p±datalesu cakk±ni j±t±ni sahass±r±ni sanemik±ni san±bhik±ni sabb±k±raparip³r±n²”ti-±di (d². ni. 2.35). Cakka½ mahanta½ k±yabala½ vattati etass±tipi cakkavatt². Vuttañheta½ “ayañhi deva kum±ro sattussado…pe… ayañhi deva kum±ro s²hapubbaddhak±yo”ti-±di (d². ni. 2.35). Tena hissa lakkhaºena mahabbalabh±vo viññ±yati. Cakka½ dasavidha½, dv±dasavidha½ v± vattadhamma½ vattati paµipajjat²ti cakkavatt². Tena vutta½ “na hi te t±ta dibba½ cakkaratana½ pettika½ d±yajja½ iªgha tva½ t±ta ariye cakkavattivatte vatt±h²”ti-±di (d². ni. 3.83). Cakka½ mahanta½ d±na½ vatteti pavattet²tipi cakkavatt². Vuttañca–

“Paµµhapesi kho ±nanda r±j± mah±sudassano t±sa½ pokkharaº²na½ t²re evar³pa½ d±na½ anna½ annatthikassa, p±na½ p±natthikassa, vattha½ vatthatthikassa, y±na½ y±natthikassa, sayana½ sayanatthikassa, itthi½ itthitthikassa, hirañña½ hiraññatthikassa, suvaººa½ suvaººatthikass±”ti-±di (d². ni. 2.254).

R±j±ti s±mañña½ tadaññas±dh±raºato. Cakkavatt²ti visesa½ anaññas±dh±raºato. Dhammasaddo ñ±ye, samo eva ca ñ±yo n±m±ti ±ha “ñ±yena samen±”ti. Vattati uppajjati, paµipajjat²ti v± attho. “Ida½ n±ma carat²”ti avuttepi s±maññajotan±ya visese avaµµh±nato, visesatthin± ca visesassa payujjitabbatt± “sadatthaparatthe”ti yoj²yati. Padesaggahaºe hi asati gahetabbassa nippadesat± viññ±yati yath± “dikkhito na dad±t²”ti. Yasm± cakkavattir±j± dhammeneva rajjamadhigacchati, na adhammena par³pagh±t±din±. Tasm± vutta½ “dhammena rajja½ labhitv±”ti-±di, dhammen±ti ca ñ±yena, kusaladhammena v±. Rañño bh±vo rajja½, issariya½.

Paresa½ hitop±yabh³ta½ dhamma½ karoti, carat²ti v± dhammiko. Attano hitop±yabh³tassa dhammassa k±rako, carako v± r±j±ti dhammar±j±ti ima½ savisesa½ attha½ dasseti “parahitadhammakaraºena v±”ti-±din±. Aya½ pana mah±pad±naµµhakath±nayo– dasavidhe kusaladhamme, agatirahite v± r±jadhamme niyuttoti dhammiko; teneva dhammena loka½ rañjet²ti dhammar±j±. Pariy±yavacanameva hi ida½ padadvayanti. ¾cariyena pana eva½ vutta½ “cakkavattivattasaªkh±ta½ dhamma½ carati, cakkavattivattasaªkh±to v± dhammo etassa, etasmi½ v± atth²ti dhammiko, dhammato anapetatt± dhammo ca so rañjanaµµhena r±j± c±ti dhammar±j±”ti (d². ni. µ². 1.258). “R±j± hoti cakkavatt²”ti vacanato “c±turanto”ti ida½ catud²pissarata½ vibh±vet²ti ±ha “c±turant±y±”ti-±di. Catt±ro samudd± ant± pariyos±n± etiss±ti c±turant±, pathav². S± hi cat³su dis±su puratthimasamudd±dicatusamuddapariyos±natt± eva½ vuccati. Tena vutta½ “catusamudda ant±y±”ti, s± pana avayavabh³tehi catubbidhehi d²pehi vibh³sit± ekalokadh±tupariy±pann± pathav²yev±ti dasseti “catubbidhad²pavibh³sit±ya pathaviy±”ti imin±. Yath±ha–

“Y±vat± candimas³riy±, pariharanti dis± bhanti virocan±;
sabbeva d±s± mandh±tu, ye ca p±º± pathavissit±”ti.

Ettha ca “catud²pavibh³sit±y±”ti avatv± catubbidhad²pavibh³sit±y±ti vidhasaddaggahaºa½ pacceka½ pañcasataparittad²p±nampi mah±d²peyeva saªgahaºattha½ sadd±tirittena atth±tirittassa viññ±yam±natt±, koµµh±sav±cakena v± vidhasaddena sam±nabh±g±na½ gahitatt±ti daµµhabba½. Kop±dipaccatthiketi ettha ±disaddena k±mamoham±namad±dike saªgaºh±ti. Vijet²ti ta½k±l±pekkh±ya vattam±navacana½, vijitav±ti attho. Saddavid³ hi at²te t±v²saddamicchanti. “Sabbar±j±no vijet²”ti vadanto k±ma½ cakkavattino kenaci yuddha½ n±ma natthi, yuddhena pana s±dhetabbassa vijayassa siddhiy± “vijitasaªg±mo” tveva vuttoti dasseti.

Th±varassa dhuvassa bh±vo th±variya½, yath± janapade th±variya½ patto, ta½ dassetu½ “na sakk± kenac²”ti-±di vutta½, imin± kenaci akampiyaµµhena janapade th±variyappattoti tappurisasam±sa½ dasseti, itarena ca da¼habhattibh±vato janapado th±variyappatto etasminti aññapadatthasam±sa½. Tamh²ti asmi½ r±jini. Yath± janapado tasmi½ th±variya½ patto, tad±vikaronto “anuyutto”ti-±dim±ha. Tattha anuyuttoti niccapayutto. Sakammaniratoti cakkavattino rajjakamme sad± pavatto Acalo asampavedh²ti pariy±yavacanameta½, cor±na½ v± vilopanamattena acalo, d±marikattena asampavedh². Corehi v± acalo, paµir±j³hi asampavedh². Anatimudubh±vena v± acalo, anaticaº¹abh±vena asampavedh². Tath± hi aticaº¹assa rañño balikhaº¹±d²hi loka½ p²¼ayato manuss± majjhimajanapada½ cha¹¹etv± pabbatasamuddat²r±d²ni niss±ya paccante v±sa½ kappenti, atimudukassa ca rañño coras±hasikajanavilopap²¼it± manuss± paccanta½ pah±ya janapadamajjhe v±sa½ kappenti, iti evar³pe r±jini janapado th±varabh±va½ na p±puº±ti. Etasmi½ pana tadubhayavirahite suvaººatul± viya samabh±vappatte r±jini rajja½ k±rayam±ne janapado p±s±ºapiµµhiya½ µhapetv± ayopaµµena parikkhitto viya acalo asampavedh² th±variyappattoti.

Seyyathidanti ekova nip±to, “so katamo, ta½ katama½, s± katam±”ti-±din± yath±raha½ liªgavibhattivacanavasena payojiyam±nova hoti, idha t±ni katam±n²ti payuttoti ±ha “tassa cet±n²”ti-±di. Cacati cakkavattino yath±ruci ±k±s±digaman±ya paribbhamat²ti cakka½. Cakkaratanañhi antosamuµµhitav±yodh±tuvasena rañño cakkavattissa vacanasamanantarameva pavattati, na candas³riyavim±n±di viya bahisamuµµhitav±yodh±tuvasen±ti vim±naµµhakath±ya½ (vi. va. aµµha. 1.paµhamap²µhavim±navaººan±) vutta½. Ratijananaµµhen±ti p²tisomanassupp±danaµµhena. Tañhi passantassa, suºantassa ca anappaka½ p²tisomanassa½ uppajjati acchariyadhammatt±. Vacanatthato pana rameti rati½ karot²ti ratana½, ramana½ v± rata½, ta½ net²ti ratana½, rata½ v± janet²ti ratana½ ja-k±ralopavasen±tipi neruttik±. Sabbatth±ti hatthiratan±d²su.

Citt²katabh±v±din±pi cakkassa ratanaµµho veditabbo, so pana ratijananaµµheneva ekasaªgahat±ya visu½ na gahito. Kasm± ekasaªgahoti ce? Citt²kat±dibh±vassapi ratinimittatt±. Atha v± ganthaby±sa½ pariharituk±mena citt²kat±dibh±vo na gahitoti veditabba½. Aññ±su pana aµµhakath±su (d². ni. aµµha. 2.33; sa½. ni. aµµha. 3.5.223; khu. p±. aµµha. 6.3.y±n²dh±tig±th±vaººan±; su. ni. aµµha. 1.226; mah±ni. aµµha. 156) eva½ vutta½–