Ambaµµham±ºavakath±vaººan±
256. “Ajjh±yako”ti ida½ paµhamapakatiy± garah±vacanameva, dutiyapakatiy± pasa½s±vacana½ katv± voharanti yath± ta½ “puriso naro”ti dassetu½ aggaññasuttapada (d². ni. 3.132) mud±haµa½. Tattha imeti jh±yakan±mena samaññit± jan±. Na jh±yant²ti paººakuµ²su jh±na½ na appenti na nipph±denti, g±manigamas±manta½ osaritv± vedaganthe karont±va acchant²ti attho. Ta½ panetesa½ br±hmaºajh±yakasaªkh±ta½ paµhamadutiyan±ma½ up±d±ya tatiyameva j±tanti ±ha “ajjh±yak±tveva tatiya½ akkhara½ upanibbattan”ti, akkharanti ca nirutti samaññ±. S± hi tasmi½yeva niru¼habh±vena aññattha asañcaraºato “akkharan”ti vuccati. Mante parivattet²ti vede sajjh±yati, pariy±puº±t²ti attho. Idha hi adhi-±pubba-i-saddavasena padasandhi, itarattha pana jhe-saddavasena. Mante dh±ret²ti yath±-adh²te mante asamm³¼he katv± hadaye µhapeti. ¾thabbaºavedo par³pagh±takaratt± s±dh³namaparibhogoti katv± “iruvedayajuvedas±maved±nan”ti vutta½. Tattha iccante thom²yante dev± et±y±ti iru ica-dh±tuvasena ca-k±rassa ra-k±ra½ katv±, itthiliªgoya½ Yajjante pujjante dev± anen±ti yaju punnapu½sakaliªgavasena. Soyanti anta½ karonti, s±yanti v± tanu½ karonti p±pamanen±ti s±ma½ so-dh±tupakkhe o-k±rassa ±-k±ra½ katv±. Vidanti dhamma½, kamma½ v± eteh²ti ved±, te eva mant± “sugatiyopi munanti, suyyanti ca eteh²”ti katv±. Paharaºa½ saªghaµµana½ pahata½, oµµh±na½ pahata½ tath±, tassa karaºavasena, oµµh±ni c±letv± paguºabh±vakaraºavasena p±ra½ gato, na atthavibh±vanavasen±ti vutta½ hoti. P±rag³ti ca niccas±pekkhat±ya kitantasam±so. “Saha nighaºµun±”ti-±din± yath±v±kya½ vibhatyantavasena nibbacanadassana½. Nighaºµurukkh±d²nanti nighaºµu n±ma rukkhaviseso, tad±dik±namatth±nanti attho, etena nighaºµurukkhapariy±ya½ ±di½ katv± tappamukhena sesapariy±y±na½ tattha dassitatt± so gantho nighaºµu n±ma yath± ta½ “p±r±jikakaº¹o, kusalattiko”ti ayamattho dassito imin± yath±rutameva tadatthassa adhigatatt±. ¾cariy± pana eva½ vadanti “vacan²yav±cakabh±vena attha½, saddañca nikha¹ati bhindati vibhajja dasset²ti nikhaº¹u, so eva kha-k±rassa gha-k±ra½ katv± ‘nighaº¹³’ti vutto”ti (d². ni. µ². 1.256), tadeta½ aµµhakath±nayato aññanayadassananti gahetabba½. Itarath± hi so aµµhakath±ya virodho siy±, vic±retabbameta½. Akkharacintak± pana evamicchanti “tattha tatth±gat±ni n±m±ni nissesato ghaµenti r±si½ karonti etth±ti nighaºµu niggahit±gamen±”ti. Vevacanappak±sakanti pariy±yasaddad²paka½, ekekassa atthassa anekapariy±yavacanavibh±vakanti attho. Nidassanamattañceta½ anekesampi atth±na½ ekasaddavacan²yat±vibh±vanavasenapi tassa ganthassa pavattatt±. Ko panesoti? Etarahi n±maliªg±nus±sanaratanam±l±bhidh±nappad²pik±di. Vac²bhed±dilakkhaº± kiriy± kapp²yati eten±ti kiriy±kappo, tatheva vividha½ kapp²yati eten±ti vikappo, kiriy±kappo ca so vikappo c±ti kiriy±kappavikappo. So hi vaººapadasambandhapadatth±divibh±gato bahuvikappoti katv± “kiriy±kappavikappo”ti vuccati, so ca ganthavisesoyev±ti vutta½ “kav²na½ upak±r±vaha½ satthan”ti, catunnampi kav²na½ kavibh±vasampad±bhogasampad±dipayojanavasena upak±r±vaho ganthoti attho Ko panesoti? Kabyabandhanavidhividh±yako kaby±laªk±rag²t±subodh±laªk±r±di. Ida½ pana m³lakiriy±kappagantha½ sandh±ya vutta½. So hi mah±visayo satasahassag±th±parim±ºo, ya½ “nayacariy±dipakaraºan”tipi vadanti. Vacanatthato pana kiµayati gameti ñ±peti kiriy±divibh±ganti keµubha½ kiµa-dh±tuto abhapaccayavasena, a-k±rassa ca uk±ro. Atha v± kiriy±divibh±ga½ anavasesapariy±d±nato kiµento gamanto obheti p³ret²ti keµubha½ kiµa-sadd³papada-ubhadh±tuvasena. Apica kiµanti gacchanti kavayo bandhesu kosallameten±ti keµubha½, purimanayenevettha padasiddhi. Ýh±nakaraº±divibh±gato, nibbacanavibh±gato ca akkhar± pabhed²yanti eten±ti akkharappabhedo, ta½ pana chasu vedaªgesu pariy±panna½ pakaraºadvayamev±ti vutta½ “sikkh± ca nirutti c±”ti. Tattha sikkhanti akkharasamayamet±y±ti sikkh±, ak±r±divaºº±na½ µh±nakaraºapayatanapaµip±dakasattha½. Nicchayena, nissesato v± utti nirutti, vaºº±gamavaººavipariy±y±dilakkhaºa½. Vuttañca–
“Vaºº±gamo vaººavipariy±yo,
dve c±pare vaººavik±ran±s±;
dh±tussa atth±tisayena yogo,
taduccate pañcavidh± nirutt²”ti. (P±r±. aµµha. 1.verañjakaº¹avaººan±; visuddhi. 1.144; mah±ni. aµµha. 1.50).
Idha pana tabbasena anekadh± nibbacanaparid²paka½ sattha½ uttarapadalopena “nirutt²”ti adhippeta½ nibbacanavibh±gatopi akkharapabhedabh±vassa ±cariyehi (d². ni. µ². 1.256) vuttatt±, tamantarena nibbacanavibh±gassa ca by±karaºaªgena saªgahitatt±. By±karaºa½, nirutti ca hi paccekameva vedaªga½ yath±hu–
“Kappo by±karaºa½ joti-sattha½ sikkh± nirutti ca;
chandoviciti cet±ni, vedaªg±ni vadanti ch±”ti.
Tasm± by±karaºaªgena asaªkarabh³tameva niruttinayena nibbacanamidh±dhippeta½, na chasu byañjanapadesu viya tadubhayas±dh±raºanibbacana½ vedaªgavisayatt±ti veditabba½. Aya½ panettha mah±niddesaµµhakath±ya (mah±ni. aµµha. 50) ±gataniruttinayavinicchayo Tattha hi “nakkhattar±j±riva t±rak±nan”ti (j±. 1.1.11, 25) ettha ra-k±r±gamo viya avijjam±nassa akkharassa ±gamo vaºº±gamo n±ma. Hi½sanatt± “hi½so”ti vattabbe “s²ho”ti parivattana½ viya vijjam±n±namakkhar±na½ heµµhupariyavasena parivattana½ vaººavipariy±yo n±ma. “Navachannaked±ni diyyat²”ti (j±. 1.6.88) ettha a-k±rassa e-k±r±pajjana½ viya aññakkharassa aññakkhar±pajjana½ vaººavik±ro n±ma. “J²vanassa m³to j²vanam³to”ti vattabbe “j²m³to”ti va-k±ra na-k±r±na½ vin±so viya vijjam±nakkhar±na½ vin±so vaººavin±so n±ma. “Pharus±hi v±c±hi pakubbam±no, ±sajja ma½ tva½ vadase kum±r±”ti (j±. 1.10.85) ettha “pakubbam±no”ti padassa abhibhavam±noti atthapaµip±dana½ viya tattha tattha yath±yoga½ visesatthapaµip±dana½ dh±t³namatth±tisayena yogo n±m±ti. Yath±vuttappabhed±na½ tiººa½ ved±na½ aya½ catutthoyeva siy±, atha kena saddhi½ pañcamoti ±ha “±thabbaºaveda½ catuttha½ katv±”ti. ¾thabbaºavedo n±ma ±thabbaºavedikehi vihito par³pagh±takaro manto, so pana itih±sapañcamabh±vappak±sanattha½ gaºitat±mattena gahito, na sar³pavasena, evañca katv± “etesan”ti padassa tesa½ tiººa½ ved±nantveva attho gahetabbo. Tañhi “tiººa½ ved±nan”ti etassa visesananti. Itiha as±ti eva½ idha loke ahosi “±s±”tipi katthaci p±µho, soyevattho. Iha µh±ne iti eva½, ida½ v± kamma½, vatthu½ v± ±sa icch±h²tipi attho. Tassa ganthassa mah±visayat±d²panatthañcettha vicch±vacana½, imin± “itih±s±”ti vacanena paµisa½yutto itih±so taddhitavasen±ti attha½ dasseti. Itiha ±sa, itiha ±s±”ti ²disavacanapaµisa½yutto itih±so niruttinayen±ti atthadassanantipi vadanti. Akkharacintak± pana evamicchanti “itiha-saddo p±rampariyopadese ekova nip±to, asati vijjat²ti aso, itiha aso etasminti itih±so sam±savasen±”ti, tesa½ mate “itiha as±”ti ettha eva½ p±rampariyopadeso asa vijjam±no ahos²ti attho. “Pur±ºakath±saªkh±to”ti imin± tassa ganthavisesabh±vam±ha, bh±ratan±mak±na½ dvebh±tikar±j³na½ yuddhakath±, r±marañño s²t±haraºakath±, naras²har±juppattikath±ti evam±dipur±ºakath±saªkh±to bh±ratapur±ºar±mapur±ºanaras²hapur±º±digantho itih±so n±m±ti vutta½ hoti. “Tesa½ itih±sapañcam±na½ ved±nan”ti imin± yath±v±kya½ “tiººa½ ved±nan”ti ettha visesanabh±va½ dasseti. Pajjati attho eten±ti pada½, n±m±khy±topasagganip±t±divasena anekavibh±ga½ vibhattiyantapada½. Tadapi by±karaºe ±gatamev±ti vutta½ “tadavasesan”ti, padato avasesa½ pakatipaccay±disaddalakkhaºabh³tanti attho. Ta½ ta½ sadda½, tadatthañca by±karoti by±cikkhati eten±ti by±karaºa½, visesena v± ±kar²yante pakatipaccay±dayo abhinipph±d²yante ettha, anen±ti v± by±karaºa½, s±dhusadd±namanv±khy±yaka½ muddhabodhaby±karaºa s±rassataby±karaºa p±ºin²by±karaºacandraby±karaº±di adhun±pi vijjam±nasattha½. Adh²yat²ti ajjh±yati. Vedet²ti paresa½ v±ceti. Ca-saddo atthadvayasamuccinanattho, vikappanattho v± atthantarassa vikappitatt±. Vicitr± hi taddhitavutti. Padakoti by±karaºesu ±gatapadakosalla½ sandh±ya vutta½, veyy±karaºoti tadavasiµµhapakatipaccay±disaddavidhikosallanti imassatthassa viññ±panattha½ padadvayassa ekato atthavacana½. Es± hi ±cariy±na½ pakati, yadida½ yena kenaci pak±rena atthantaraviññ±pana½. Aya½ aµµhakath±to aparo nayo– te eva vede padaso k±yat²ti padakoti. Tattha padasoti gajjabandhapajjabandhapadena. K±yat²ti katheti yath± “j±takan”ti, imin± vedak±rakasamatthata½ dasseti. Evañhi “ajjh±yako”ti-±d²hi imassa viseso p±kaµo hot²ti. ¾yati½ hita½ b±lajanasaªkh±to loko na yatati na ²hati anen±ti lok±yata½. Tañhi gantha½ niss±ya satt± puññakiriy±ya cittampi na upp±denti, lok± v± b±lajan± ±yatanti ussahanti v±dass±dena etth±ti lok±yata½. Aññamaññaviruddha½, saggamokkhaviruddha½ v± tanonti etth±ti vitaº¹o ¹a-paccayavasena, na-k±rassa ca ºa-k±ra½ katv±, viruddhena v±dadaº¹ena t±¼enti v±dino etth±ti vitaº¹o ta¹i-dh±tuvasena, niggah²t±gamañca katv±. Adesampi ya½ niss±ya v±d²na½ v±do pavatto, ta½ tesa½ desatopi upac±ravasena vuccati yath± “cakkhu½ loke piyar³pa½ s±tar³pa½, etthes± taºh± pah²yam±n± pah²yati, ettha nirujjham±n± nirujjhat²”ti, (d². ni. 2.401; ma. ni. 1.133; vibha. 204) visesena v± paº¹it±na½ mana½ ta¹enti c±lenti eten±ti vitaº¹o, ta½ vadanti, so v±do v± etesanti vitaº¹av±d±, tesa½ sattha½ tath±. Lakkhaºad²pakasattha½ uttarapadalopena, taddhitavasena v± lakkhaºanti dasseti “lakkhaºad²pakan”ti-±din±. Lakkh²yati buddhabh±v±di anen±ti lakkhaºa½, nigrodhabimbat±di. Ten±ha “yesa½ vasen±”ti-±di. Dv±dasasahassaganthapam±ºanti ettha bh±ºav±rappam±º±d²su viya b±tti½sakkharaganthova adhippeto. Vuttañhi–
“Aµµhakkhar± ekapada½, ek± g±th± catuppada½;
g±th± cek± mato gantho, gantho b±tti½satakkharo”ti.
Dv±dasahi guºitasahassab±tti½sakkharaganthappam±ºanti attho. Yatth±ti yasmi½ lakkhaºasatthe, ±dh±re ceta½ bhumma½ yath± “rukkhe s±kh±”ti. So¼asa ca sahassañca so¼asasahassa½, so¼as±dhikasahassag±th±parim±º±ti attho. Evañhi ±dh±r±dheyyavacana½ s³papanna½ hot²ti. Padh±navasena buddh±na½ lakkhaºad²panato buddhamant± n±ma. Paccekabuddh±d²nampi hi lakkhaºa½ tattha d²pitameva. Tena vutta½ “yesa½ vasen±”ti-±di.