“Middh² yad± hoti mahagghaso ca,
nidd±yit± samparivattas±y²;
mah±var±hova niv±pavuµµho,
punappuna½ gabbhamupeti mando”ti. (Dha. pa. 325; netti. 26, 90).
Im±ya g±th±ya ovadi. Bh±gineyyañca so sudassana½ n±ma m±ºava½–
“Manujassa sad± sat²mato,
matta½ j±nato laddhabhojane;
tanukassa bhavanti vedan±,
saºika½ j²rati ±yup±layan”ti. (Sa½. ni. 1.24)–
Ima½ g±tha½ bhagavato santike uggah±petv± attano bhuñjantassa os±napiº¹ak±le devasika½ bhaº±peti, so aparena samayena tass± g±th±ya attha½ sallakkhetv± punappuna½ os±napiº¹apariharaºena n±¼ikodanamatt±ya saºµhahitv± tanusar²ro balav± sukhappatto ahos²ti. Ud±naµµhakath±ya½ (ud±. aµµha. 12) pana eva½ vutta½ “pacc±mitta½ parasena½ jin±t²ti pasenad²”ti. Saddavid³pi hi ja-k±rassa da-k±re idamud±haranti. So hi attano bh±gineyya½ aj±tasattur±j±na½, pañcacorasat±d²ni ca avaruddhak±ni jin±t²ti. Kosalaraµµhass±dhipatibh±vato kosalo, tasm± kosal±dhipatin± pasenadi n±makena raññ± dinnanti attho veditabbo. Nissaµµhapariccattat±saªkh±tena puna aggahetabbabh±veneva dinnatt± idha brahmadeyya½ n±ma, na tu purimanaye viya r±jasaªkhepena paribhuñjitabbabh±vena dinnatt±ti ±ha “yath±”ti-±di. Nissaµµha½ hutv±, nissaµµhabh±vena v± pariccatta½ nissaµµhapariccatta½, muttac±gavasena cajitanti attho.
Savana½ upalabbhoti dasseti “upalabh²”ti imin±, so c±yamupalabbho savanavaseneva j±nananti vutta½ “sotadv±rasampattavacananigghos±nus±rena aññ±s²”ti. Sotadv±r±nus±raviññ±ºav²thivasena j±nanameva hi idha savana½ teneva “samaºo khalu bho gotamo”ti-±din± vuttassatthassa adhigatatt±, na pana sotadv±rav²thivasena sutamatta½ tena tadatthassa anadhigatatt±. Avadh±raºaphalatt± saddapayogassa sabbampi v±kya½ antogadh±vadh±raºa½. Tasm± tadatthajotakasaddena vin±pi aññatth±pohanavasena assosi eva, n±ssa koci savanantar±yo ahos²ti ayamattho viññ±yat²ti ±ha “padap³raºamatte nip±to”ti, antogadh±vadh±raºepi ca sabbasmi½ v±kye n²tatthato avadh±raºattha½ kho-saddaggahaºa½ “ev±”ti s±matthiy± s±tisaya½ etadatthassa viññ±yam±natt±ti paµhamavikappo vutto, n²tatthato avadh±raºena ko attho ekantiko kato, avadh±rito c±ti vutta½ “tatth±”ti-±di. Atha padap³raºamattena kho-saddena ki½ payojananti codanamapaneti “padap³raºen±”ti-±din±, akkharasam³hapadassa, padasam³hav±kyassa ca siliµµhat±payojanamattamev±ti attho. “Assos²”ti hida½ pada½ kho-sadde gahite tena phullita½ maº¹ita½ vibh³sita½ viya honta½ p³rita½ n±ma hoti, tena ca purimapacchimapad±ni sukhucc±raºavasena siliµµh±ni honti, na tasmi½ aggahite, tasm± padap³raºamattampi padabyañjanasiliµµhat±payojananti vutta½ hoti. Mattasaddo cettha visesanivatti-attho, tenassa anatthantarad²panat± dassit±, eva-saddena pana padabyañjanasiliµµhat±ya ekantikat±. “Samaºo khal³”ti-±di yath±sutatthanidassananti dasseti “id±n²”ti-±din±. Samitap±patt±ti ettha accanta½ anavasesato sav±sana½ samitap±patt±ti attho gahetabbo. Evañhi b±hirakav²tar±gasekkh±sekkhap±pasamanato bhagavato p±pasamana½ yath±raha½ visesita½ hoti. Tena vutta½ “bhagav± ca anuttarena ariyamaggena samitap±po”ti. Tadevattha½ niddesap±µhena s±dhetu½ “vuttañhetan”ti-±dim±ha. Ass±ti anena bhikkhun±, bhagavat± v±. Samit±ti sam±pit±, samabh±va½ v± ±p±dayit±, assa v± sampad±nabh³tassa sant± hont²ti attho. Atth±nugat± c±ya½ bhagavati samaññ±ti vutta½ “bhagav± c±”ti-±di. Ten±ti tath± samitap±patt±. Yath±bh³ta½ pavatto yath±bhucca½, tadeva guºo, tena adhigata½ tath±. “Khal³”ti ida½ nep±tika½ khalupacch±bhattikapade (mi. pa. 4.1.8) viya, na n±ma½, anekatthatt± ca nip±t±na½ anussavanatthova idh±dhippetoti ±ha “anussavanatthe nip±to”ti, paramparasavanañcettha anussavana½. Br±hmaºaj±tisamud±gatanti br±hmaºaj±tiy± ±gata½, j±tisiddhanti vutta½ hoti. ¾lapanamattanti piy±lapanavacanamatta½, na taduttari atthaparid²pana½. Piyasamud±h±r± hete “bho”ti v± “±vuso”ti v± “dev±na½ piy±”ti v±. Dhammapade br±hmaºavatthup±µhena, (dha. pa. 315 ±dayo) suttanip±te ca v±seµµhasuttapadena br±hmaºaj±tisamud±gat±lapanabh±va½ samatthetu½ “vuttampi cetan”ti-±dim±ha. Tatr±yamattho– sace r±g±dikiñcanehi sakiñcano assa, so ±mantan±d²su “bho bho”ti vadanto hutv± vicaraºato bhov±d²yeva n±ma hoti, na br±hmaºo. “Akiñcana½ an±d±na½, tamaha½ br³mi br±hmaºan”ti (dha. pa. 396, su. ni. 625) sesag±th±pada½. Tattha r±g±dayo satte kiñcanti maddanti palibuddhant²ti kiñcan±ni. Manuss± kira goºehi khala½ madd±pent± “kiñcehi kapila, kiñcehi k±¼ak±”ti vadanti, tasm± kiñcanasaddo maddanattho veditabbo. Yath±ha niddese “akiñcananti r±gakiñcana½, dosa, moha, m±na, diµµhi, kilesakiñcana½, duccaritakiñcana½, yassete kiñcan± pah²n± samucchinn± v³pasant± paµippassaddh± abhabbuppattik± ñ±ºaggin± da¹¹h±, so vuccati akiñcano”ti (c³¼ani. 28, 32, 60, 63). Gotamoti gottavasena parikittana½, ya½ “±diccagottan”tipi loke vadanti, sakyaputtoti pana j±tivasena s±kiyoti ca tasseva vevacana½. Vuttañheta½ pabbajj±sutte–
“¾dicc± n±ma gottena, s±kiy± n±ma j±tiy±;
tamh± kul± pabbajitomhi, na k±me abhipatthayan”ti. (Su. ni. 425).
Tath± c±ha “gotamoti bhagavanta½ gottavasena parikittet²”ti-±di. Tattha ga½ t±yat²ti gotta½, “gotamo”ti pavattam±na½ abhidh±na½, buddhiñca eka½sikavisayat±ya rakkhat²ti attho. Yath± hi buddhi ±rammaºabh³tena atthena vin± na vattati, eva½ abhidh±na½ abhidheyyabh³tena, tasm± so gottasaªkh±to attho t±ni rakkhat²ti vuccati, go-saddo cettha abhidh±ne, buddhiyañca vattati. Tath± hi vadanti–
“Go goºe cendriye bhumya½, vacane ceva buddhiya½;
±dicce rasmiyañceva, p±n²yepi ca vattate;
tesu atthesu goºe th², pum± ca itare pum±”ti.
Tattha “gosu duyham±n±su gato, gopañcamo”ti-±d²su gosaddo goºe vattati. “Gocaro”ti-±d²su indriye. “Gorakkhan”ti-±d²su bh³miya½. Tath± hi suttanip±taµµhakath±ya v±seµµhasuttasa½vaººan±ya½ vutta½ “gorakkhanti khettarakkha½, kasikammanti vutta½ hoti. Pathav² hi ‘go’ti vuccati, tappabhedo ca “khettan”ti (su. ni. aµµha. 2.619-626). “Gotta½ n±ma dve gott±ni h²nañca gotta½, ukkaµµhañca gottan”ti-±d²su (p±ci. 15) vacane, buddhiyañca vattati. “Gogotta½ gotama½ name”ti por±ºakaviracan±ya ±dicce, ±diccabandhu½ gotama½ samm±sambuddha½ nam±m²ti hi attho, “uºhag³”ti-±d²su rasmiya½, uºh± g±vo rasmiyo etass±ti hi uºhagu, s³riyo. “Gos²tacandanan”ti-±d²su (a. ni. µ². 1.49) p±n²ye gosaªkh±ta½ p±n²ya½ viya s²ta½, tadeva candana½ tath±. Tasmiñhi uddhanato uddharitapakkuthitatelasmi½ pakkhitte taªkhaºaññeva ta½ tela½ s²tala½ hot²ti. Etesu pana atthesu goºe vattam±no go-saddo yath±raha½ itthiliªgo ceva pulliªgo ca, sesesu pana pulliªgoyeva. Ki½ paneta½ gotta½ n±m±ti? Aññakulaparampar±ya as±dh±raºa½ tassa kulassa ±dipurisasamud±gata½ ta½kulapariy±pannas±dh±raºa½ s±maññar³panti daµµhabba½. S±dh±raºameva hi ida½ ta½kulapariy±pann±na½ s±dh±raºato ca s±maññar³pa½. Tath± hi ta½kule j±t± suddhodanamah±r±j±dayopi “gotamo” tveva vuccanti, teneva bhagav± attano pitara½ suddhodanamah±r±j±na½ “atikkantavar± kho gotama tath±gat±”ti (mah±va. 105) avoca, vessavaºopi mah±r±j± bhagavanta½ “vijj±caraºasampanna½, buddha½ vand±ma gotaman”ti, (d². ni. 3.288) ±yasm±pi vaªg²so ±yasmanta½ ±nanda½ “s±dhu nibb±pana½ br³hi, anukamp±ya gotam±”ti (sa½. ni. 1.212). Idha pana bhagavantameva. Ten±ha “bhagavanta½ gottavasena parikittet²”ti. Tasm±ti yath±vuttamatthattaya½ pacc±masati. Ettha ca “samaºo”ti imin± sarikkhakajanehi bhagavato bahumatabh±vo dassito tabbisayasamitap±pat±parikittanato, “gotamo”ti imin± lokiyajanehi tabbisaya-u¼±ragottasambh³tat±parikittanato. Sakyassa suddhodanamah±r±jassa putto sakyaputto, imin± pana ucc±kulaparid²pana½ uditoditavipulakhattiyakulasambh³tat±parikittanato. Sabbakhattiy±nañhi ±dibh³tamah±sammatamah±r±jato paµµh±ya asambhinna½ u¼±ratama½ sakyar±jakula½. Yath±ha–
“Mah±sammatar±jassa, va½sajo hi mah±muni;
kapp±dismiñhi r±j±si, mah±sammatan±mako”ti. (Mah±va½se dutiyaparicchede paµhamag±th±).
Katha½ saddh±pabbajitabh±vaparid²pananti ±ha “kenac²”ti-±di. Parijiyana½ parih±yana½ p±rijuñña½, parijirat²ti v± parijiººo, tassa bh±vo p±rijuñña½, tena. ѱtip±rijuññabhogap±rijuññ±din± kenaci p±rijuññena parih±niy± anabhibh³to anajjhotthaµo hutv± pabbajitoti attho. Tadeva pariy±yantarena vibh±vetu½ “aparikkh²ºa½yeva ta½ kula½ pah±y±”ti vutta½. Aparikkh²ºanti hi ñ±tip±rijuññabhogap±rijuññ±din± kenaci p±rijuññena aparikkhaya½. Saddh±ya pabbajitoti saddh±ya eva pabbajito. Evañhi “kenac²”ti-±din± nivattitavacana½ s³papanna½ hoti. Nanu ca “sakyakul± pabbajito”ti ida½ ucc±kul± pabbajitabh±vaparid²panameva siy± tadatthasseva viññ±yam±natt±, na saddh±pabbajitabh±vaparid²pana½ tadatthassa aviññ±yam±natt±ti? Na kho paneva½ daµµhabba½ mahanta½ ñ±tiparivaµµa½, mahantañca bhogakkhandha½ pah±ya saddh±pabbajitabh±vassa atthato siddhatt±. Tath± hi lokan±thassa abhij±tiya½ tassa kulassa na kiñci p±rijuñña½, atha kho vu¹¹hiyeva, tato tassa samiddhatamabh±vo loke p±kaµo paññ±to hoti, tasm± “sakyakul± pabbajito”ti ettakeyeva vutte tath± samiddhatama½ kula½ pah±ya saddh±pabbajitabh±vo siddhoyev±ti, ima½ parih±ra½ “kenaci p±rijuññen±”ti-±din± vibh±vet²ti daµµhabba½. Tato paranti “kosalesu c±rika½ caram±no”ti-±divacana½.
“S±dhu dhammaruci r±j±, s±dhu paññ±ºav± naro;
s±dhu mitt±namadubbho, p±pass±karaºa½ sukhan”ti. ¾d²su–
Viya s±dhusaddo idha sundaratthoti ±ha “sundara½ kho pan±”ti. Khoti avadh±raºatthe nip±to, pan±ti pakkhantaratthe. Eva½ s±tthakat±viññ±panatthañhi sa½vaººan±yametesa½ gahaºa½. Sundaranti ca bhaddaka½, bhaddakat± ca passant±na½ hitasukh±vahabh±ven±ti vutta½ “atth±vaha½ sukh±vahan”ti. Attho cettha diµµhadhammikasampar±yikaparamatthavasena tividha½ hita½ sukhampi tatheva tividha½ sukha½.
Tath±r³p±nanti t±dis±na½, aya½ saddato attho. Atthamatta½ pana dassetu½ “evar³p±nan”ti vutta½. Y±disehi ca guºehi bhagav± samann±gato catuppam±ºikassa lokassa sabbak±lampi-accant±ya-saddh±ya-pas±dan²yo tesa½ yath±bh³tasabh±vatt±, t±disehi guºehi samann±gatabh±va½ sandh±ya “tath±r³p±na½ arahatan”ti vuttanti dassento “yath±r³po”ti-±dim±ha. Laddhasaddh±nanti laddhasaddah±na½, parajanassa saddha½ paµilabhant±nanti vutta½ hoti. Laddhasadd±nanti v± paµiladdhakittisadd±na½, etena “arahatan”ti padassa arahant±nanti attho, arahantasamaññ±ya ca p±kaµabh±vo dassito, apica “yath±r³po so bhava½ gotamo”ti imin± “tath±r³p±nan”ti padassa aniyamavasena attha½ dassetv± sar³paniyamavasenapi dassetu½ “yath±bhuccaguº±dhigamena loke arahantoti laddhasaddh±nan”ti vutta½, idampi hi “tath±r³p±nan”ti padasseva atthadassana½, ayameva ca nayo ±cariyehi adhippeto idha µ²k±ya½, (d². ni. µ². 1.255) s±ratthad²paniyañca tatheva vuttatt±. “Yath±r³p± te bhavanto arahanto”ti avatv± “yath±r³po so bhava½ gotamo”ti vacana½ bhagavatiyeva garug±ravavasena “tath±r³p±na½ arahatan”ti puthuvacananiddiµµhabh±vaviññ±panattha½ Attani, gar³su ca hi bahuvacana½ icchanti saddavid³. “Yath±bhucca…pe… arahatan”ti imin± ca dhammappam±º±na½, l³khappam±º±nañca satt±na½ bhagavato pas±d±vahata½ yath±rutato dasseti arahantabh±vassa tesaññeva yath±raha½ visayatt±, ta½dassanena pana itaresampi r³pappam±ºaghosappam±º±na½ pas±d±vahat± dassit±yeva tadavin±bh±vatoti daµµhabba½. Pas±dasomm±n²ti pasann±ni, s²tal±ni ca, pas±davasena v± s²tal±ni, anena pasannamanata½ dasseti. “Dassanan”ti vuttepi taduttari kattabbat±sambhavato aya½ sambh±vanattho labbhat²ti ±ha “dassanamattampi s±dhu hot²”ti. Itarath± hi “dassanaññeva s±dhu, na taduttari karaºan”ti anadhippetattho ±pajjati, sambh±vanattho cettha pi-saddo, api-saddo v± luttaniddiµµho. “Brahmacariya½ pak±set²”ti ettha iti-saddo “abbhuggato”ti imin± sambandhamupagato, tasm± aya½ “s±dhu hot²”ti idha iti-saddo “br±hmaºo pokkharas±t² ambaµµha½ m±ºava½ ±mantes²”ti imin± sambajjhitabbo, “ajjh±saya½ katv±”ti ca p±µhaseso tadatthassa viññ±yam±natt±. Yassa hi attho viññ±yati, saddo na payujjati, so “p±µhaseso”ti vuccati, imamattha½ vibh±vento ±ha “dassanamattampi s±dhu hot²ti eva½ ajjh±saya½ katv±”ti. M³lapaºº±sake c³¼as²han±dasuttaµµhakath±ya (ma. ni. aµµha. 1.144) ±gata½ kosiyasakuºavatthu cettha kathetabba½.