Saraºagamanakath±vaººan±

Saraºagamanassa visayappabhedaphalasa½kilesabhed±na½ viya, kattu ca vibh±van± tattha kosall±ya hoti yev±ti saha kattun± ta½ vidhi½ dassetu½ “id±ni tesu saraºagamanesu kosallattha½…pe… veditabbo”ti vutta½. “Yo ca saraºa½ gacchat²”ti imin± hi katt±ra½ vibh±veti tena vin± saraºagamanasseva asambhavato, “saraºagamanan”ti imin± ca saraºagamanameva, “saraºan”ti-±d²hi pana yath±kkama½ visay±dayo. Kasm± panettha vod±na½ na gahita½, nanu vod±navibh±van±pi tattha kosall±ya hot²ti? Saccameta½, ta½ pana sa½kilesaggahaºeneva atthato vibh±vita½ hot²ti na gahita½. Y±ni hi nesa½ sa½kilesak±raº±ni aññ±º±d²ni, tesa½ sabbena sabba½ anuppann±na½ anupp±danena, uppann±nañca pah±nena vod±na½ hot²ti. Atthatoti saraºasaddatthato, “saraºatthato”tipi p±µho, ayamevattho. Hi½satthassa sarasaddassa vaseneta½ siddhanti dassento dh±tvatthavasena “hi½sat²ti saraºan”ti vatv± ta½ pana hi½sana½ kesa½, katha½, kassa v±ti codana½ sodheti “saraºagat±nan”ti-±din±. Kesanti hi saraºagat±na½. Kathanti teneva saraºagamanena. Kass±ti bhay±d²nanti yath±kkama½ sodhan±. Tattha saraºagat±nanti “saraºan”ti gat±na½. Saraºagamanen±ti “saraºan”ti gamanena kusaladhammena. Bhayanti vaµµabhaya½. Sant±santi cittutr±sa½ teneva cetasikadukkhassa saªgahitatt±. Dukkhanti k±yikadukkhaggahaºa½. Duggatiparikilesanti duggatipariy±panna½ sabbampi dukkha½ “duggatiya½ parikilissana½ sa½vib±dhana½, samupat±pana½ v±”ti katv±, tayida½ sabba½ parato phalakath±ya½ ±vi bhavissati. Hi½sanañcettha vin±sanameva, na pana sattahi½sanamiv±ti dasseti “hanati vin±set²”ti imin±. Etanti saraºapada½. Adhivacananti n±ma½, pasiddhavacana½ v±, yath±bhucca½ v± guºa½ adhikicca pavattavacana½. Ten±ha “ratanattayassev±”ti.

Eva½ hi½sanatthavasena avisesato saraºasaddattha½ dassetv± id±ni tadatthavaseneva visesato dassetu½ “atha v±”ti-±di vutta½. Ratanattayassa pacceka½ hi½sanak±raºadassanameva hi purimanayato imassa visesoti. Tattha hite pavattanen±ti “sampannas²l± bhikkhave viharath±”ti-±din± (ma. ni. 1.64, 69) atthe satt±na½ niyojanena. Ahit± ca nivattanen±ti “p±º±tip±tassa kho p±pako vip±ko, p±paka½ abhisampar±yan”ti-±din± ±d²navadassan±dimukhena anatthato ca satt±na½ nivattanena. Bhaya½ hi½sat²ti hit±hitesu appavattipavattihetuka½ byasana½ appavattikaraºena vin±seti. Bhavakant±r± utt±raºena maggasaªkh±to dhammo, phalanibb±nasaªkh±to pana ass±sad±nena satt±na½ bhaya½ hi½sat²ti yojan±. K±r±nanti d±navasena, p³j±vasena ca upan²t±na½ sakk±r±na½. Anupasaggopi hi saddo sa-upasaggo viya atthavisesav±cako “appakampi kata½ k±ra½, puñña½ hoti mahapphalan”ti-±d²su viya. Anuttaradakkhiºeyyabh±vato vipulaphalapaµil±bhakaraºena satt±na½ bhaya½ hi½ sat²ti yojetabba½. Imin±pi pariy±yen±ti ratanattayassa pacceka½ hi½sakabh±vak±raºadassanavasena vibhajitv± vuttena imin±pi k±raºena. Yasm± panida½ saraºapada½ n±thapada½ viya suddhan±mapadatt± dh±tvattha½ anton²ta½ katv± saªketatthampi vadati, tasm± heµµh± saraºa½ par±yaºanti attho vuttoti daµµhabba½.

Eva½ saraºattha½ dassetv± id±ni saraºagamanattha½ dassento “tappas±d±”ti-±dim±ha. Tattha “samm±sambuddho bhagav±, sv±kkh±to dhammo, suppaµipanno saªgho”ti evam±din± tasmi½ ratanattaye pas±do tappas±do, tadeva ratanattaya½ garu etass±ti taggaru, tassa bh±vo taggarut±, tappas±do ca taggarut± ca tappas±dataggarut±, t±hi. Vihatakileso vidhutavicikicch±sammoh±saddhiy±dip±padhammatt±, tadeva ratanattaya½ par±yaºa½ par±gati t±ºa½ leºa½ etass±ti tappar±yaºo, tassa bh±vo tappar±yaºat±, s±yeva ±k±ro tappar±yaºat±k±ro, tena pavatto tappar±yaºat±k±rappavatto. Ettha ca pas±daggahaºena lokiya½ saraºagamanam±ha. Tañhi saddh±padh±na½, na ñ±ºapadh±na½, garut±gahaºena pana lokuttara½. Ariy± hi ratanattaya½ guº±bhiññat±ya p±s±ºacchatta½ viya garu½ katv± passanti, tasm± tappas±dena tadaªgappah±navasena vihatakileso, taggarut±ya ca ag±ravakaraºahet³na½ samucchedavasen±ti yojetabba½. Tappar±yaºat± panettha taggatikat±ti t±ya catubbidhampi vakkham±na½ saraºagamana½ gahitanti daµµhabba½. Avisesena v± pas±dagarut± jotit±ti pas±daggahaºena anaveccappas±dassa lokiyassa, aveccappas±dassa ca lokuttarassa gahaºa½, tath± garut±gahaºena lokiyassa garukaraºassa, lokuttarassa c±ti ubhayenapi padena ubhayampi lokiyalokuttarasaraºagamana½ yojetabba½. Uppajjati cittameten±ti upp±do, sampayuttadhammasam³ho, cittañca ta½ upp±do c±ti cittupp±do. Sam±h±radvandepi hi katthaci pulliªgamicchanti saddavid³, tad±k±rappavatta½ saddh±paññ±disampayuttadhammasahita½ citta½ saraºagamana½ n±ma “saraºanti gacchati eten±ti katv±”ti vutta½ hoti. “Ta½samaªg²”ti-±di kattuvibh±van±. Tena yath±vuttacittupp±dena samaªg²ti ta½samaªg². Ten±ha “vuttappak±rena cittupp±den±”ti Upet²ti bhajati sevati payirup±sati, j±n±ti v±, bujjhat²ti attho.

Lokuttara½ saraºagamana½ kesanti ±ha “diµµhasacc±nan”ti, aµµhanna½ ariyapuggal±nanti attho. Kad± ta½ ijjhat²ti ±ha “maggakkhaºe”ti, “ijjhat²”ti padena cetassa sambandho. Maggakkhaºe ijjham±neneva hi catusacc±dhigamena phalaµµh±nampi saraºagamakat± sijjhati lokuttarasaraºagamanassa bhed±bh±vato, tesañca ekasant±natt±. Katha½ ta½ ijjhat²ti ±ha “saraºagamanupakkilesasamuccheden±”ti-±di, upapakkilesasamucchedato, ±rammaºato, kiccato ca sakalepi ratanattaye ijjhat²ti vutta½ hoti. Saraºagamanupakkilesasamuccheden±ti cettha pah±n±bhisamaya½ sandh±ya vutta½, ±rammaºatoti sacchikiriy±bhisamaya½. Nibb±n±rammaºa½ hutv± ±rammaºato ijjhat²ti hi yojetabba½, tv±-saddo ca hetutthav±cako yath± “sakko hutv± nibbatt²”ti (dha. pa. aµµha. 1.2.29). Apica “±rammaºato”ti vuttamevattha½ sar³pato niyameti “nibb±n±rammaºa½ hutv±”ti imin±. “Kiccato”ti tadavasesa½ bh±van±bhisamaya½ pariññ±bhisamayañca sandh±ya vutta½. “¾rammaºato nibb±n±rammaºa½ hutv±”ti etena v± maggakkhaº±nur³pa½ ek±rammaºata½ dassetv± “kiccato”ti imin± pah±nato avasesa½ kiccattaya½ dassitanti daµµhabba½. “Maggakkhaºe, nibb±n±rammaºa½ hutv±”ti ca vuttatt± atthato maggañ±ºasaªkh±to catusacc±dhigamo eva lokuttarasaraºagamananti viññ±yati. Tattha hi catusacc±dhigamane saraºagamanupakkilesassa pah±n±bhisamayavasena samucchindana½ bhavati, nibb±nadhammo pana sacchikiriy±bhisamayavasena, maggadhammo ca bh±van±bhisamayavasena paµivijjhiyam±noyeva saraºagamanattha½ s±dheti, buddhaguº± pana s±vakagocarabh³t± pariññ±bhisamayavasena paµivijjhiyam±n± saraºagamanattha½ s±dhenti, tath± ariyasaªghaguº±. Ten±ha “sakalepi ratanattaye ijjhat²”ti.

Phalapariyatt²nampettha vuttanayena magg±nuguºappavattiy± gahaºa½, apariññeyyabh³t±nañca buddhasaªghaguº±na½ tagguºas±maññat±y±ti daµµhabba½. Evañhi sakalabh±vavisiµµhavacana½ upapanna½ hot²ti. Ijjhantañca saheva ijjhati, na lokiya½ viya paµip±µiy± asammohapaµivedhena paµividdhatt±ti gahetabba½. Pad²passa viya hi ekakkhaºeyeva maggassa catukiccas±dhananti. Ye pana vadanti “saraºagamana½ nibb±n±rammaºa½ hutv± na pavattati, maggassa adhigatatt± pana adhigatameva ta½ hoti ekacc±na½ tevijj±d²na½ lokiyavijj±dayo viy±”ti, tesa½ pana vacane lokiyameva saraºagamana½ siy±, na lokuttara½, tañca ayuttameva duvidhass±pi tassa icchitabbatt±. Tadaªgappah±nena saraºagamanupakkilesavikkhambhana½. ¾rammaºato buddh±diguº±rammaºa½ hutv±ti etth±pi vuttanayena attho, saraºagamanupakkilesavikkhambhanato, ±rammaºato ca sakalepi ratanattaye ijjhat²ti vutta½ hoti.

Tanti lokiyasaraºagamana½. “Samm±sambuddho bhagav±”ti-±din± saddh±paµil±bho. Saddh±m³lik±ti yath±vuttasaddh±pubbaªgam±. Sahaj±tavasena pubbaªgamat±yeva hi tamm³likat± saddh±virahitassa buddh±d²su samm±dassanassa asambhavato. Samm±diµµhi n±ma buddhasubuddhata½, dhammasudhammata½ saªghasuppaµipannatañca lokiy±vabodhavasena samm± ñ±yena dassanato. “Saddh±paµil±bho”ti imin± samm±diµµhivirahit±pi saddh± lokiyasaraºagamananti dasseti, “saddh±m³lik± ca samm±diµµh²”ti pana etena saddh³panissay± yath±vutt± paññ±ti. Lokiyampi hi saraºagamana½ duvidha½ ñ±ºasampayutta½, ñ±ºavippayuttañca. Tattha paµhamena padena m±t±d²hi uss±hitad±rak±d²na½ viya ñ±ºavippayutta½ saraºagamana½ gahita½, dutiyena pana ñ±ºasampayutta½. Tadubhayameva puññakiriyavatthu visesabh±vena dassetu½ “dasasu puññakiriyavatth³su diµµhijukammanti vuccat²”ti ±ha. Diµµhi eva attano paccayehi uju½ kar²yat²ti hi atthena samm±diµµhiy± diµµhijukammabh±vo, diµµhi uju½ kar²yati eten±ti atthena pana saddh±yapi. Saddh±samm±diµµhiggahaºena cettha tappadh±nass±pi cittupp±dassa gahaºa½, diµµhijukammapadena ca yath±vuttena karaºas±dhanena, evañca katv± “tappar±yaºat±k±rappavatto cittupp±do”ti heµµh± vuttavacana½ samatthita½ hoti, saddh±samm±diµµh²na½ pana visu½ gahaºa½ ta½sampayuttacittupp±dassa tappadh±nat±y±ti daµµhabba½.

Tayidanti lokiya½ saraºagamanameva pacc±masati lokuttarassa tath± bhed±bh±vato. Tassa hi maggakkhaºeyeva vuttanayena ijjhanato tath±vidhassa sam±d±nassa avijjam±natt± esa bhedo na sambhavat²ti. Att± sanniyy±t²yati app²yati pariccaj²yati eten±ti attasanniyy±tana½, yath±vutta½ saraºagamanasaªkh±ta½ diµµhijukamma½. Ta½ ratanattaya½ par±yaºa½ paµisaraºametass±ti tappar±yaºo puggalo, cittupp±do v±, tassa bh±vo tappar±yaºat±, tadeva diµµhijukamma½. “Saraºan”ti adhipp±yena sissabh±va½ antev±sikabh±vasaªkh±ta½ vattapaµivatt±dikaraºa½ upagacchati eten±ti sissabh±v³pagamana½. Saraºagaman±dhipp±yeneva paºipatati eten±ti paºip±to, paºipatanañcettha abhiv±danapaccuµµh±na-añjalikammas±m²cikammameva, sabbattha ca atthato yath±vuttadiµµhijukammameva veditabba½.

Sa½s±radukkhanittharaºattha½ attano attabh±vassa pariccajana½ attapariccajana½. Tappar±yaºat±d²supi eseva nayo. Hitopadesakath±pariy±yena dhammass±pi ±cariyabh±vo samud±car²yati “phalo ambo aphalo ca, te satth±ro ubho mam±”ti-±d²su viy±ti ±ha “dhammassa antev±siko”ti. “Abhiv±dan±”ti-±di paºip±tassa atthadassana½. Buddh±d²na½yev±ti avadh±raºassa attasanniyy±tan±d²supi s²hagatikavasena adhik±ro veditabbo. Evañhi tadaññanivattana½ kata½ hot²ti. “Imesañh²”ti-±di catudh± pavattanassa samatthana½, k±raºadassana½ v±.