“Catt±ro loke pajjot±, pañcamettha na vijjati;
div± tapati ±dicco, rattim±bh±ti candim±.
“Atha aggi div±ratti½, tattha tattha pabh±sati;
sambuddho tapata½ seµµho, es± ±bh± anuttar±”ti. (Sa½. ni. 1.26, 85).

Tasm± ubhayath±pi sar²rapaññ±jutivisaradharass±ti attho. Antimadehadh±rinoti sabbapacchimasar²radh±rino, apunabbhavass±ti attho.

Tath±gatass±ti ettha aµµhahi k±raºehi bhagav± “tath±gato”ti vuccati. Katamehi aµµhahi? Tath± ±gatoti tath±gato, tath± gatoti tath±gato, tathalakkhaºa½ ±gatoti tath±gato, tathadhamme y±th±vato abhisambuddhoti tath±gato, tathadassit±ya tath±gato, tathav±dit±ya tath±gato, tath±k±rit±ya tath±gato, abhibhavanaµµhena tath±gatoti.

Katha½ bhagav± tath± ±gatoti tath±gato? Yath± yena abhin²h±rena d±nap±rami½ p³retv± s²lanekkhammapaññ±v²riyakhantisacca-adhiµµh±namettupekkh±p±rami½ p³retv± im± dasa p±ramiyo dasa upap±ramiyo dasa paramatthap±ramiyoti samatti½sa p±ramiyo p³retv± aªgaparicc±ga½ j²vitaparicc±ga½ dhanarajjaputtad±raparicc±ganti ime pañca mah±paricc±ge pariccajitv± yath± vipassi-±dayo samm±sambuddh± ±gat±, tath± amh±kampi bhagav± ±gatoti tath±gato. Yath±ha–

“Yatheva lokamhi vipassi-±dayo, sabbaññubh±va½ munayo idh±gat±;
tath± aya½ sakyamun²pi ±gato, tath±gato vuccati tena cakkhum±”ti.

Katha½ tath± gatoti tath±gato? Yath± sampatij±t± vipassi-±dayo samehi p±dehi pathaviya½ patiµµh±ya uttar±bhimukh± sattapadav²tih±rena gat±, tath± amh±kampi bhagav± gatoti tath±gato. Yath±ha–

“Muhuttaj±tova gavampat² yath±, samehi p±dehi phus² vasundhara½;
so vikkam² sattapad±ni gotamo, setañca chatta½ anudh±rayu½ mar³.
“Gantv±na so sattapad±ni gotamo, dis± vilokesi sam± samantato;
aµµhaªgupeta½ giramabbhud²ray², s²ho yath± pabbatamuddhaniµµhito”ti.

Katha½ tathalakkhaºa½ ±gatoti tath±gato? Sabbesa½ r³p±r³padhamm±na½ salakkhaºa½ s±maññalakkhaºañca tatha½ avitatha½ ñ±ºagatiy± ±gato avirajjhitv± patto anubuddhoti tath±gato.

“Sabbesa½ pana dhamm±na½, sakas±maññalakkhaºa½;
tathamev±gato yasm±, tasm± satth± tath±gato”ti.

Katha½ tathadhamme y±th±vato abhisambuddhoti tath±gato? Tathadhamm± n±ma catt±ri ariyasacc±ni. Yath±ha– “catt±rim±ni, bhikkhave, tath±ni avitath±ni anaññath±ni. Katam±ni catt±ri? ‘Ida½ dukkhan’ti, bhikkhave, tathameta½ avitathameta½ anaññathametan”ti (sa½. ni. 5.1090) vitth±ro. T±ni ca bhagav± abhisambuddho, tasm± tath±na½ abhisambuddhatt± “tath±gato”ti vuccati. Abhisambuddhattho hi ettha gatasaddo.

“Tathan±m±ni sacc±ni, abhisambujjhi n±yako;
tasm± tath±na½ sacc±na½, sambuddhatt± tath±gato”.

Katha½ tathadassit±ya tath±gato? Bhagav± hi aparim±º±su lokadh±t³su aparim±º±na½ satt±na½ cakkhusotagh±ºajivh±k±yamanodv±resu ±p±tha½ ±gacchanta½ r³pasaddagandharasaphoµµhabbadhamm±rammaºa½ tath±gato sabb±k±rato j±n±ti passat²ti, eva½ tathadassit±ya tath±gato. Atha v± ya½ loke tatha½, ta½ lokassa tatheva dasseti. Tatopi bhagav± tath±gato. Ettha tathadassi-atthe “tath±gato”ti padasambhavo veditabbo.

“Tath±k±rena yo dhamme, j±n±ti anupassati;
tathadass²ti sambuddho, tasm± vutto tath±gato”.

Katha½ tathav±dit±ya tath±gato? Yañca abhisambodhiy± parinibb±nassa ca antare pañcacatt±l²savassaparim±ºak±le sutt±dinavaªgasaªgahita½ bh±sita½ lapita½ tath±gatena, sabba½ ta½ ekatul±ya tulita½ viya tathameva avitathameva hoti. Tenev±ha–

“Yañca, cunda, ratti½ tath±gato anuttara½ samm±sambodhi½ abhisambujjhati, yañca ratti½ anup±dises±ya nibb±nadh±tuy± parinibb±yati, ya½ etasmi½ antare bh±sati lapati niddisati, sabba½ ta½ tatheva hoti, no aññath±. Tasm± ‘tath±gato’ti vuccat²”ti.

Ettha pana gada-attho hi gatasaddo. Eva½ tathav±dit±ya tath±gato. ¾gadana½ ±gado, vacananti attho. Tatho avipar²to ±gado ass±ti tath±gato. Da-k±rassa ta-k±ra½ katv± vutto.

“Tath±v±d² jino yasm±, tathadhammappak±sako;
tath±m±gadanañcassa, tasm± buddho tath±gato”.

Katha½ tath±k±rit±ya tath±gato? Bhagav± hi ya½ ya½ v±ca½ abh±si, ta½ ta½ eva k±yena karoti, v±c±ya k±yo anulometi, k±yassapi v±c±. Tenev±ha–

“Yath± v±d², bhikkhave, tath±gato tath± k±r², yath± k±r² tath± v±d²…pe… tasm± ‘tath±gato’ti vuccat²”ti (a. ni. 4.23; c³¼ani. pos±lam±ºavapucch±niddesa 83).

Yath± ca v±c± gat±, k±yopi tath± gato, yath± k±yo gato, v±c±pi tath± gat±. Eva½ tath±k±rit±ya tath±gato.

“Yath± v±c± gat± tassa, tath± k±yo gato yato;
tath±v±dit±ya sambuddho, satth± tasm± tath±gato”.

Katha½ abhibhavanaµµhena tath±gato? Upari bhavagga½ heµµh± av²ci½ pariyanta½ katv± tiriya½ aparim±º±su lokadh±t³su sabbasatte abhibhavati s²lenapi sam±dhin±pi paññ±yapi vimuttiy±pi vimuttiñ±ºadassanenapi, na tassa tul± v± pam±ºa½ v± atthi, atha kho atulo appameyyo anuttaro. Tenev±ha–

“Sadevake, bhikkhave, loke…pe… tath±gato abhibh³ anabhibh³to aññadatthu daso vasavatt², tasm± ‘tath±gato’ti vuccat²”ti (a. ni. 1.23; pos±lam±ºavapucch±niddesa 83).

Tatreva½ padasiddhi veditabb±– agado viya agado. Ko panesa? Desan±vil±so ceva puññussayo ca. Tena hesa mah±nubh±vo bhisakko dibb±gadena sappe viya sabbaparappav±dino sadevakañca loka½ abhibhavati, iti sabbalok±bhibhavanato avipar²to desan±vil±so ceva puññussayo ca agado ass±ti da-k±rassa ta-k±ra½ katv± “tath±gato”ti veditabbo. Eva½ abhibhavanaµµhena tath±gato.

“Tatho avipar²to ca, agado yassa satthuno;
vasavatt²ti so tena, hoti satth± tath±gato”.

Appaµipuggalass±ti paµipuggalavirahitassa, añño koci “aha½ buddho”ti eva½ paµiñña½ d±tu½ samattho n±massa puggalo, natth²ti appaµipuggalo, tassa appaµipuggalassa. Uppajj²ti uppanno udap±di. K±ruññat±ti karuº±ya bh±vo k±ruññat±. Sabbasatteti niravasesasattapariy±d±navacana½, sakale sattanik±yeti attho. Ett±vat± ayampi g±th± vuttatth± hoti.

Atha bhagav± brahmun± dhammadesanatth±ya ±y±cito sattesu k±ruññata½ upp±detv± dhamma½ desetuk±mo mah±brahm±na½ g±th±ya ajjhabh±si–

“Ap±rut± tesa½ amatassa dv±r±, ye sotavanto pamuñcantu saddha½;
vihi½sasaññ² paguºa½ na bh±si½, dhamma½ paº²ta½ manujesu brahme”ti. (Ma. ni. 1.283; d². ni. 2.71; sa½. ni. 1.172; mah±va. 9).

Atha kho brahm± sahampati “kat±vak±so khomhi bhagavat± dhammadesan±y±”ti ñatv± dasanakhasamodh±nasamujjala½ añjali½ sirasi katv± bhagavanta½ abhiv±detv± padakkhiºa½ katv± brahmagaºaparivuto pakk±mi. Atha satth± tassa brahmuno paµiñña½ datv±– “kassa nu kho aha½ paµhama½ dhamma½ deseyyan”ti (ma. ni. 1.283; mah±va. 10) cintento– “±¼±ro paº¹ito so ima½ dhamma½ khippa½ ±j±nissat²”ti citta½ upp±detv± puna olokento tassa satt±ha½ k±laªkatabh±va½ ñatv± udakassa ca abhidosak±laªkatabh±va½ ñatv± puna– “kaha½ nu kho etarahi pañcavaggiy± bhikkh³ viharant²”ti pañcavaggiye ±vajjento “b±r±ºasiya½ isipatane migad±ye”ti ñatv± ±s±¼hiya½ pabh±t±ya rattiy± k±lasseva pattac²varam±d±ya aµµh±rasayojanika½ magga½ paµipanno antar±magge upaka½ n±ma ±j²vaka½ disv± tassa attano buddhabh±vam±vikatv± ta½divasameva s±yanhasamaye isipatanamagam±si. Tattha pañcavaggiy±na½ attano buddhabh±va½ pak±setv± paññattavarabuddh±sanagato pañcavaggiye bhikkh³ ±mantetv± dhammacakkappavattanasuttanta½ (sa½. ni. 5.1081; mah±va. 13 ±dayo; paµi. ma. 2.30) desesi.

Tesu aññ±sikoº¹aññatthero desan±nus±rena ñ±ºa½ pesetv± suttapariyos±ne aµµh±rasahi brahmakoµ²hi saddhi½ sot±pattiphale patiµµh±si. Satth± tattheva vassa½ upagantv± punadivase vappatthera½ sot±pattiphale patiµµh±pesi. Eteneva up±yena sabbe te sot±pattiphale patiµµh±petv± puna pañcamiya½ pakkhassa pañcapi te there sannip±tetv± anattalakkhaºasuttanta½ (sa½. ni. 3.59; mah±va. 20 ±dayo) desesi, desan±pariyos±ne pañcapi ther± arahatte patiµµhahi½su.

Atha satth± tattheva yasassa kulaputtassa upanissaya½ disv± geha½ pah±ya nikkhanta½ disv±– “ehi yas±”ti (mah±va. 26) pakkositv± tasmiññeva rattibh±ge sot±pattiphale patiµµh±petv± punadivase arahatte ca patiµµh±petv± aparepi tassa sah±yake catupaºº±sajane ehibhikkhupabbajj±ya pabb±jetv± arahatte patiµµh±pesi. Eva½ loke ekasaµµhiy± arahantesu j±tesu satth± vuµµhavasso pav±retv± bhikkh³ ±mantetv± etadavoca–

“Parattha½ cattano attha½, karont± pathavi½ ima½;
by±harant± manuss±na½, dhamma½ caratha bhikkhavo.
“Viharatha vivittesu, pabbatesu vanesu ca;
pak±sayant± saddhamma½, lokassa satata½ mama.
“Karont± dhammad³teyya½, vikhy±payatha bhikkhavo;
santi atth±ya satt±na½, subbat± vacana½ mama.
“Sabba½ pidahatha dv±ra½, ap±y±naman±sav±;
saggamokkhassa maggassa, dv±ra½ vivarath±sam±.
“Desan±paµipatt²hi, karuº±diguº±lay±;
buddhi½ saddhañca lokassa, abhiva¹¹hetha sabbaso.
“Gih²namupakaront±na½, niccam±misad±nato;
karotha dhammad±nena, tesa½ pacc³pak±raka½.
“Samussayatha saddhamma½, desayant± isiddhaja½;
katakattabbakammant±, parattha½ paµipajjath±”ti.

Evañca pana vatv± bhagav± te bhikkh³ dis±su vissajjetv± saya½ uruvela½ gacchanto antar±magge kapp±sikavanasaº¹e ti½sa bhaddavaggiyakum±re vinesi. Tesu yo sabbapacchimako, so sot±panno, sabbaseµµho an±g±m², ekopi arah± v± puthujjano v± n±hosi. Tepi sabbe ehibhikkhupabbajj±ya pabb±jetv± dis±su pesetv± saya½ uruvela½ gantv± a¹¹hu¹¹h±ni p±µih±riyasahass±ni dassetv± uruvelakassap±dayo sahassajaµilapariv±re tebh±tikajaµile dametv± ehibhikkhubh±vena pabb±jetv± gay±s²se nis²d±petv± ±dittapariy±yadesan±ya (sa½. ni. 4.28; mah±va. 54) arahatte patiµµh±petv± tena arahantasahassena bhagav± parivuto “bimbis±rassa rañño paµiñña½ mocess±m²”ti r±jagahanagar³pac±re laµµhivanuyy±na½ n±ma agam±si. Tato uyy±nap±lako rañño ±rocesi. R±j±– “satth± ±gato”ti sutv± dv±dasanahutehi br±hmaºagahapatikehi parivuto dasabala½ ghanavivaragatamiva divasakara½ vanavivaragata½ munivaradivasakara½ upasaªkamitv± cakk±laªkatatalesu jalaj±mal±vikalakamalakomalesu dasabalassa p±desu makuµamaºijutivisaravijjotin± siras± nipatitv± ekamanta½ nis²di saddhi½ paris±ya.