228. “Puna capara½, sandaka, idhekacco satth± eva½v±d² hoti eva½diµµhi– ‘sattime k±y± akaµ± akaµavidh± animmit± animm±t± vañjh± k³µaµµh± esikaµµh±yiµµhit±, te na iñjanti na vipariºamanti na aññamañña½ by±b±dhenti n±la½ aññamaññassa sukh±ya v± dukkh±ya v± sukhadukkh±ya v±. Katame satta? Pathav²k±yo ±pok±yo tejok±yo v±yok±yo sukhe dukkhe j²ve sattame– ime sattak±y± akaµ± akaµavidh± animmit± animm±t± vañjh± k³µaµµh± esikaµµh±yiµµhit±. Te na iñjanti na vipariºamanti na aññamañña½ by±b±dhenti. N±la½ aññamaññassa sukh±ya v± dukkh±ya v± sukhadukkh±ya v±. Tattha natthi hant± v± gh±tet± v± sot± v± s±vet± v± viññ±t± v± viññ±pet± v±. Yopi tiºhena satthena s²sa½ chindati, na koci kañci [kiñci (ka.)] j²vit± voropeti. Sattanna½tveva k±y±namantarena sattha½ vivaramanupatati. Cuddasa kho panim±ni yonipamukhasatasahass±ni saµµhi ca sat±ni cha ca sat±ni pañca ca kammuno sat±ni pañca ca kamm±ni t²ºi ca kamm±ni, kamme ca a¹¹hakamme ca, dvaµµhipaµipad±, dvaµµhantarakapp±, cha¼±bhij±tiyo, aµµha purisabh³miyo, ek³napaññ±sa ±j²vakasate, ek³napaññ±sa paribb±jakasate, ek³napaññ±sa n±g±v±sasate, v²se indriyasate, ti½se nirayasate, chatti½sa rajodh±tuyo, satta saññ²gabbh±, satta asaññ²gabbh±, satta nigaºµhigabbh±, satta dev±, satta m±nus±, satta pes±c±, satta sar±, satta pavuµ±, satta pap±t±, satta pap±tasat±ni, satta supin±, satta supinasat±ni, cull±s²ti [c³¼±s²ti (s². sy±. ka½. p².)] mah±kappino [mah±kappuno (s². p².)] satasahass±ni, y±ni b±le ca paº¹ite ca sandh±vitv± sa½saritv± dukkhassanta½ karissanti. Tattha natthi imin±ha½ s²lena v± vatena v± tapena v± brahmacariyena v± aparipakka½ v± kamma½ parip±cess±mi, paripakka½ v± kamma½ phussa phussa byanti½ kariss±m²ti. Heva½ natthi doºamite sukhadukkhe pariyantakate sa½s±re, natthi h±yanava¹¹hane, natthi ukka½s±vaka½se. Seyyath±pi n±ma suttagu¼e khitte nibbeµhiyam±nameva paleti, evameva b±le ca paº¹ite ca sandh±vitv± sa½saritv± dukkhassanta½ karissant²’ti.

“Tatra, sandaka, viññ³ puriso iti paµisañcikkhati– ‘aya½ kho bhava½ satth± eva½v±d² eva½diµµhi– sattime k±y± akaµ± akaµavidh± animmit± animm±t± vañjh± k³µaµµh± esikaµµh±yiµµhit±. Te na iñjanti na vipariºamanti na aññamañña½ by±b±dhenti. N±la½ aññamaññassa sukh±ya v± dukkh±ya v± sukhadukkh±ya v±. Katame satta Pathav²k±yo ±pok±yo tejok±yo v±yok±yo sukhe dukkhe j²ve sattame– ime satta k±y± akaµ± akaµavidh± animmit± animm±t± vañjh± k³µaµµh± esikaµµh±yiµµhit±. Te na iñjanti na vipariºamanti na aññamañña½ by±b±dhenti. N±la½ aññamaññassa sukh±ya v± dukkh±ya v± sukhadukkh±ya v±. Tattha natthi hant± v± gh±tet± v± sot± v± s±vet± v± viññ±t± v± viññ±pet± v±. Yopi tiºhena satthena s²sa½ chindati, na koci kañci j²vit± voropeti Sattanna½tveva k±y±namantarena sattha½ vivaramanupatati. Cuddasa kho panim±ni yonipamukhasatasahass±ni saµµhi ca sat±ni cha ca sat±ni pañca ca kammuno sat±ni pañca ca kamm±ni t²ºi ca kamm±ni, kamme ca a¹¹hakamme ca, dvaµµhipaµipad±, dvaµµhantarakapp±, cha¼±bhij±tiyo, aµµha purisabh³miyo, ek³napaññ±sa ±j²vakasate, ek³napaññ±sa paribb±jakasate, ek³napaññ±sa n±g±v±sasate, v²se indriyasate, ti½se nirayasate, chatti½sa rajodh±tuyo, satta saññ²gabbh±, satta asaññ²gabbh±, satta nigaºµhigabbh±, satta dev±, satta m±nus±, satta pes±c±, satta sar±, satta pavuµ±, satta pap±t±, satta pap±tasat±ni, satta supin±, satta supinasat±ni, cull±s²ti mah±kappino satasahass±ni, y±ni b±le ca paº¹ite ca sandh±vitv± sa½saritv± dukkhassanta½ karissanti. Tattha natthi imin±ha½ s²lena v± vatena v± tapena v± brahmacariyena v± aparipakka½ v± kamma½ parip±cess±mi, paripakka½ v± kamma½ phussa phussa byanti½ kariss±m²ti, heva½ natthi doºamite sukhadukkhe pariyantakate sa½s±re, natthi h±yanava¹¹hane, natthi ukka½s±vaka½se. Seyyath±pi n±ma suttagu¼e khitte nibbeµhiyam±nameva paleti, evameva b±le ca paº¹ite ca sandh±vitv± sa½saritv± dukkhassanta½ karissant²’ti. Sace pana imassa bhoto satthuno sacca½ vacana½, akatena me ettha kata½, avusitena me ettha vusita½. Ubhopi maya½ ettha samasam± s±mañña½ patt±, yo c±ha½ na vad±mi. ‘Ubho sandh±vitv± sa½saritv± dukkhassanta½ kariss±m±’ti. Atireka½ kho panimassa bhoto satthuno naggiya½ muº¹iya½ ukkuµikappadh±na½ kesamassulocana½ yoha½ puttasamb±dhasayana½ ajjh±vasanto k±sikacandana½ paccanubhonto m±l±gandhavilepana½ dh±rento j±tar³parajata½ s±diyanto imin± bhot± satth±r± samasamagatiko bhaviss±mi. Abhisampar±ya½ soha½ ki½ j±nanto ki½ passanto imasmi½ satthari brahmacariya½ cariss±mi? ‘So abrahmacariyav±so ayan’ti– iti viditv± tasm± brahmacariy± nibbijja pakkamati. Aya½ kho, sandaka, tena bhagavat± j±nat± passat± arahat± samm±sambuddhena catuttho abrahmacariyav±so akkh±to yattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ na vaseyya, vasanto ca n±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusala½.

“Ime kho te, sandaka, tena bhagavat± j±nat± passat± arahat± samm±sambuddhena catt±ro abrahmacariyav±s± akkh±t± yattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ na vaseyya, vasanto ca n±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusalan”ti.

“Acchariya½ bho ±nanda, abbhuta½, bho ±nanda! Y±vañcida½ tena bhagavat± j±nat± passat± arahat± samm±sambuddhena catt±ro abrahmacariyav±s±va sam±n± ‘abrahmacariyav±s±’ti akkh±t± yattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ na vaseyya, vasanto ca n±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusalanti. Katam±ni pana t±ni, bho ±nanda, tena bhagavat± j±nat± passat± arahat± samm±sambuddhena catt±ri anass±sik±ni brahmacariy±ni akkh±t±ni yattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ na vaseyya, vasanto ca n±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusalan”ti?

229. “Idha, sandaka, ekacco satth± sabbaññ³ sabbadass±v² aparisesa½ ñ±ºadassana½ paµij±n±ti– ‘carato ca me tiµµhato ca suttassa ca j±garassa ca satata½ samita½ ñ±ºadassana½ paccupaµµhitan’ti. So suññampi ag±ra½ pavisati, piº¹ampi na labhati, kukkuropi ¹a½sati, caº¹enapi hatthin± sam±gacchati, caº¹enapi assena sam±gacchati, caº¹enapi goºena sam±gacchati, itthiy±pi purisassapi n±mampi gottampi pucchati, g±massapi nigamassapi n±mampi maggampi pucchati. So ‘kimidan’ti puµµho sam±no ‘suñña½ me ag±ra½ pavisitabba½ ahosi’, tena p±visi½; ‘piº¹ampi aladdhabba½ ahosi’, tena n±lattha½ ‘kukkurena ¹a½sitabba½ ahosi’, tenamhi [tena (ka.), ten±si½ (?)] Daµµho; ‘caº¹ena hatthin± sam±gantabba½ ahosi’, tena sam±gami½; ‘caº¹ena assena sam±gantabba½ ahosi’, tena sam±gami½; ‘caº¹ena goºena sam±gantabba½ ahosi’, tena sam±gami½; ‘itthiy±pi purisassapi n±mampi gottampi pucchitabba½ ahosi’, tena pucchi½; ‘g±massapi nigamassapi n±mampi maggampi pucchitabba½ ahosi’, tena pucchinti. Tatra, sandaka, viññ³ puriso iti paµisañcikkhati– ‘aya½ kho bhava½ satth± sabbaññ³ sabbadass±v² aparisesa½ ñ±ºadassana½ paµij±n±ti…pe… ‘g±massapi nigamassapi n±mampi maggampi pucchitabba½ ahosi, tena pucchin’ti So ‘anass±sika½ ida½ brahmacariyan’ti– iti viditv± tasm± brahmacariy± nibbijja pakkamati. Ida½ kho, sandaka, tena bhagavat± j±nat± passat± arahat± samm±sambuddhena paµhama½ anass±sika½ brahmacariya½ akkh±ta½ yattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ na vaseyya, vasanto ca n±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusala½.

230. “Puna capara½, sandaka, idhekacco satth± anussaviko hoti anussavasacco. So anussavena itihitihaparampar±ya piµakasampad±ya dhamma½ deseti. Anussavikassa kho pana, sandaka satthuno anussavasaccassa sussutampi hoti dussutampi hoti tath±pi hoti aññath±pi hoti. Tatra, sandaka, viññ³ puriso iti paµisañcikkhati– ‘aya½ kho bhava½ satth± anussaviko anussavasacco so anussavena itihitihaparampar±ya piµakasampad±ya dhamma½ deseti. Anussavikassa kho pana satthuno anussavasaccassa sussutampi hoti dussutampi hoti tath±pi hoti aññath±pi hoti’. So ‘anass±sika½ ida½ brahmacariyan’ti– iti viditv± tasm± brahmacariy± nibbijja pakkamati. Ida½ kho, sandaka, tena bhagavat± j±nat± passat± arahat± samm±sambuddhena dutiya½ anass±sika½ brahmacariya½ akkh±ta½ yattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ na vaseyya, vasanto ca n±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusala½.

231. “Puna capara½, sandaka, idhekacco satth± takk² hoti v²ma½s². So takkapariy±hata½ v²ma½s±nucarita½ saya½paµibh±na½ dhamma½ deseti. Takkissa kho pana, sandaka, satthuno v²ma½sissa sutakkitampi hoti duttakkitampi hoti tath±pi hoti aññath±pi hoti. Tatra, sandaka, viññ³ puriso iti paµisañcikkhati– ‘aya½ kho bhava½ satth± takk² v²ma½s². So takkapariy±hata½ v²ma½s±nucarita½ saya½paµibh±na½ dhamma½ deseti. Takkissa kho pana satthuno v²ma½sissa sutakkitampi hoti duttakkitampi hoti tath±pi hoti aññath±pi hoti’. So ‘anass±sika½ ida½ brahmacariyan’ti– iti viditv± tasm± brahmacariy± nibbijja pakkamati. Ida½ kho, sandaka, tena bhagavat± j±nat± passat± arahat± samm±sambuddhena tatiya½ anass±sika½ brahmacariya½ akkh±ta½ yattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ na vaseyya, vasanto ca n±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusala½.

232. “Puna capara½, sandaka, idhekacco satth± mando hoti mom³ho. So mandatt± mom³hatt± tattha tattha [tath± tath± (s². sy±. ka½. p².)] pañha½ puµµho sam±no v±c±vikkhepa½ ±pajjati amar±vikkhepa½– ‘evantipi [evampi (s². p².)] me no, tath±tipi [tath±pi (s². p².)] me no, aññath±tipi [aññath±pi (s². p².) ( ) sabbattha natthi] me no, notipi me no, no notipi me no’ti. Tatra, sandaka, viññ³ puriso iti paµisañcikkhati– ‘aya½ kho bhava½ satth± mando mom³ho. So mandatt± mom³hatt± tattha tattha pañha½ puµµho sam±no v±c±vikkhepa½ ±pajjati amar±vikkhepa½ evantipi me no, tath±tipi me no, aññath±tipi me no, notipi me no, no notipi me no’ti. So ‘anass±sika½ ida½ brahmacariyan’ti– iti viditv± tasm± brahmacariy± nibbijja pakkamati. Ida½ kho, sandaka, tena bhagavat± j±nat± passat± arahat± samm±sambuddhena catuttha½ anass±sika½ brahmacariya½ akkh±ta½ yattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ na vaseyya, vasanto ca n±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusala½.

“Im±ni kho, (t±ni sandaka, tena bhagavat± j±nat± passat± arahat± samm±sambuddhena catt±ri anass±sik±ni brahmacariy±ni akkh±t±ni yattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ na vaseyya, vasanto ca n±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusalan”ti.

“Acchariya½, bho ±nanda, abbhuta½, bho ±nanda! Y±vañcida½ tena bhagavat± j±nat± passat± arahat± samm±sambuddhena catt±ri anass±sik±neva brahmacariy±ni anass±sik±ni brahmacariy±n²ti akkh±t±ni yattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ na vaseyya, vasanto ca n±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusala½. So pana, bho ±nanda, satth± ki½ v±d² ki½ akkh±y² yattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ vaseyya, vasanto ca ±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusalan”ti.

233. “Idha, sandaka, tath±gato loke uppajjati araha½ samm±sambuddho vijj±caraºasampanno sugato lokavid³ anuttaro purisadammas±rathi satth± devamanuss±na½ buddho bhagav±…pe… [vitth±ro ma. ni. 2.9-10 kandarakasutte] so ime pañca n²varaºe pah±ya cetaso upakkilese paññ±ya dubbal²karaºe vivicceva k±mehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakka½ savic±ra½ vivekaja½ p²tisukha½ paµhama½ jh±na½ upasampajja viharati. Yasmi½ kho [yasmi½ kho pana (sy±. ka½. ka.)], sandaka, satthari s±vako evar³pa½ u¼±ravisesa½ adhigacchati tattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ vaseyya, vasanto ca ±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusala½.

“Puna capara½, sandaka, bhikkhu vitakkavic±r±na½ v³pasam±…pe.. dutiya½ jh±na½ upasampajja viharati. Yasmi½ kho, sandaka, satthari s±vako evar³pa½ u¼±ravisesa½ adhigacchati tattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ vaseyya, vasanto ca ±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusala½.

“Puna capara½, sandaka, bhikkhu p²tiy± ca vir±g± upekkhako ca viharati…pe… tatiya½ jh±na½ upasampajja viharati. Yasmi½ kho, sandaka, satthari s±vako evar³pa½ u¼±ravisesa½ adhigacchati tattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ vaseyya, vasanto ca ±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusala½.

“Puna capara½, sandaka, bhikkhu sukhassa ca pah±n±…pe… catuttha½ jh±na½ upasampajja viharati. Yasmi½ kho, sandaka, satthari s±vako evar³pa½ u¼±ravisesa½ adhigacchati tattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ vaseyya, vasanto ca ±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusala½.

“So eva½ sam±hite citte parisuddhe pariyod±te anaªgaºe vigat³pakkilese mudubh³te kammaniye µhite ±neñjappatte pubbeniv±s±nussatiñ±º±ya citta½ abhininn±meti. So anekavihita½ pubbeniv±sa½ anussarati, seyyathida½– ekampi j±ti½ dvepi j±tiyo…pe… iti s±k±ra½ sa-uddesa½ anekavihita½ pubbeniv±sa½ anussarati. Yasmi½ kho, sandaka, satthari s±vako evar³pa½ u¼±ravisesa½ adhigacchati tattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ vaseyya, vasanto ca ±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusala½.

“So eva½ sam±hite citte parisuddhe pariyod±te anaªgaºe vigat³pakkilese mudubh³te kammaniye µhite ±neñjappatte satt±na½ cut³pap±tañ±º±ya citta½ abhininn±meti. So dibbena cakkhun± visuddhena atikkantam±nusakena satte passati cavam±ne upapajjam±ne h²ne paº²te suvaººe dubbaººe sugate duggate…pe… yath±kamm³page satte paj±n±ti. Yasmi½ kho, sandaka, satthari s±vako evar³pa½ u¼±ravisesa½ adhigacchati tattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ vaseyya, vasanto ca ±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusala½.

“So eva½ sam±hite citte parisuddhe pariyod±te anaªgaºe vigat³pakkilese mudubh³te kammaniye µhite ±neñjappatte ±sav±na½ khayañ±º±ya citta½ abhininn±meti. So ‘ida½ dukkhan’ti yath±bh³ta½ paj±n±ti, ‘aya½ dukkhasamudayo’ti yath±bh³ta½ paj±n±ti, ‘aya½ dukkhanirodho’ti yath±bh³ta½ paj±n±ti, ‘aya½ dukkhanirodhag±min² paµipad±’ti yath±bh³ta½ paj±n±ti; ‘ime ±sav±’ti yath±bh³ta½ paj±n±ti, ‘aya½ ±savasamudayo’ti yath±bh³ta½ paj±n±ti, ‘aya½ ±savanirodho’ti yath±bh³ta½ paj±n±ti, ‘aya½ ±savanirodhag±min² paµipad±’ti yath±bh³ta½ paj±n±ti. Tassa eva½ j±nato eva½ passato k±m±sav±pi citta½ vimuccati, bhav±sav±pi citta½ vimuccati, avijj±sav±pi citta½ vimuccati. Vimuttasmi½ vimuttamiti ñ±ºa½ hoti. ‘Kh²º± j±ti, vusita½ brahmacariya½, kata½ karaº²ya½, n±para½ itthatt±y±’ti paj±n±ti. Yasmi½ kho, sandaka, satthari s±vako evar³pa½ u¼±ravisesa½ adhigacchati tattha viññ³ puriso sasakka½ brahmacariya½ vaseyya, vasanto ca ±r±dheyya ñ±ya½ dhamma½ kusalan”ti.

234. “Yo pana so, bho ±nanda, bhikkhu araha½ kh²º±savo vusitav± katakaraº²yo ohitabh±ro anuppattasadattho parikkh²ºabhavasa½yojano sammadaññ± vimutto paribhuñjeyya so k±me”ti? “Yo so, sandaka, bhikkhu araha½ kh²º±savo vusitav± katakaraº²yo ohitabh±ro anuppattasadattho parikkh²ºabhavasa½yojano sammadaññ± vimutto abhabbo so pañcaµµh±n±ni ajjh±caritu½. Abhabbo kh²º±savo bhikkhu sañcicca p±ºa½ j²vit± voropetu½, abhabbo kh²º±savo bhikkhu adinna½ theyyasaªkh±ta½ ±d±tu½, abhabbo kh²º±savo bhikkhu methuna½ dhamma½ paµisevetu½, abhabbo kh²º±savo bhikkhu sampaj±namus± bh±situ½, abhabbo kh²º±savo bhikkhu sannidhik±raka½ k±me paribhuñjitu½, seyyath±pi pubbe ag±riyabh³to. Yo so, sandaka, bhikkhu araha½ kh²º±savo vusitav± katakaraº²yo ohitabh±ro anuppattasadattho parikkh²ºabhavasa½yojano sammadaññ± vimutto abhabbo so im±ni pañcaµµh±n±ni ajjh±caritun”ti.

235. “Yo pana so, bho ±nanda, bhikkhu araha½ kh²º±savo vusitav± katakaraº²yo ohitabh±ro anuppattasadattho parikkh²ºabhavasa½yojano sammadaññ± vimutto tassa carato ceva tiµµhato ca suttassa ca j±garassa ca satata½ samita½ ñ±ºadassana½ paccupaµµhita½– ‘kh²º± me ±sav±”’ti? “Tena hi, sandaka, upama½ te kariss±mi; upam±yapidhekacce viññ³ puris± bh±sitassa attha½ ±j±nanti. Seyyath±pi, sandaka, purisassa hatthap±d± chinn±; tassa carato ceva tiµµhato ca suttassa ca j±garassa ca satata½ samita½ (j±n±ti– ‘chinn± me hatthap±d±’ti, ud±hu paccavekkham±no j±n±ti– ‘chinn± me hatthap±d±”’ti? “Na kho, bho ±nanda, so puriso satata½ samita½ j±n±ti– ‘chinn± me hatthap±d±’ ti.) [(Chinn±va hatthap±d±,) (s². sy±. ka½. p².)] api ca kho pana na½ paccavekkham±no j±n±ti– ‘chinn± me hatthap±d±”’ti. “Evameva kho, sandaka, yo so bhikkhu araha½ kh²º±savo vusitav± katakaraº²yo ohitabh±ro anuppattasadattho parikkh²ºabhavasa½yojano sammadaññ± vimutto tassa carato ceva tiµµhato ca suttassa ca j±garassa ca satata½ samita½ (ñ±ºadassana½ na paccupaµµhita½– ‘kh²º± me ±sav±’ti;) [(kh²º±va ±sav±,) (s². sy±. ka½. p².)] api ca kho pana na½ paccavekkham±no j±n±ti– ‘kh²º± me ±sav±”’ti.

236. “K²vabahuk± pana, bho ±nanda, imasmi½ dhammavinaye niyy±t±ro”ti? “Na kho, sandaka, eka½yeva sata½ na dve sat±ni na t²ºi sat±ni na catt±ri sat±ni na pañca sat±ni, atha kho bhiyyova ye imasmi½ dhammavinaye niyy±t±ro”ti. “Acchariya½, bho ±nanda, abbhuta½, bho ±nanda! Na ca n±ma sadhammokka½san± bhavissati, na paradhammavambhan±, ±yatane ca dhammadesan± t±va bahuk± ca niyy±t±ro paññ±yissanti. Ime pan±j²vak± puttamat±ya putt± att±nañceva ukka½senti, pare ca vambhenti tayo ceva niyy±t±ro paññapenti, seyyathida½– nanda½ vaccha½, kisa½ sa½kicca½, makkhali½ gos±lan”ti. Atha kho sandako paribb±jako saka½ parisa½ ±mantesi– “carantu bhonto samaºe gotame brahmacariyav±so. Na d±ni sukara½ amhehi l±bhasakk±rasiloke pariccajitun”ti. Iti hida½ sandako paribb±jako saka½ parisa½ uyyojesi bhagavati brahmacariyeti.

Sandakasutta½ niµµhita½ chaµµha½.